Pharmacology pneumonic
Pharmacology
pneumonic
Hepatomegaly: 3 common causes,
3 rarer causes
|
Common are 3 C's: Cirrhosis Carcinoma Cardiac failure Rarer are 3 C's: Cholestasis Cysts Cellular infiltration |
Drug Nomenclature, Suffixes and Prefixes
Drug Nomenclature, Suffixes and Prefixes
Click on this Link to see this below picture in (1236X1600)
sa
Pulmonary
infiltrations inducing drugs "Go BAN Me!":
Gold
Bleomycin/ Busulphan/ BCNU
Amiodarone/ Acyclovir/ Azathioprine
Nitrofurantoin
Melphalan/ Methotrexate/ Methysergide
MPTP: mechanism,
effect MPTP:
Mitochondrial Parkinson's-Type Poison.
· A mitochondrial
poison that elicits a Parkinson's-type effect.
Antimuscarinics:
members, action
"Inhibits Parasympathetic And Sweat":
Ipratropium Pirenzepine Atropine Scopolamine
· Muscarinic receptors
at all parasympathetic endings sweat glands in sympathetic.
Teratogenic drugs:
major non-antibiotics TAP CAP:
Thalidomide Androgens Progestins Corticosteroids Aspirin
& indomethacin Phenytoin
Side Effects
Side Effects
Phenobarbitone: side effects Children are annoying (hyperkinesia,
irritability, insomnia, aggression).
Adults are dosy (sedation, dizziness, drowsiness).
hallucinogen intoxication
D- distorted (blurred) vision
I – incoordination
S sweating
t- tachycardia
o – opening (dilation) of the pupil
r – racing heart (palpitations)
t – tremor
Opioids: effects BAD AMERICANS:
Bradycardia & hypotension
Anorexia
Diminished pupilary size
Analgesics
Miosis
Euphoria
Respiratory depression
Increased smooth muscle activity (biliary tract constriction)
Constipation
Ameliorate cough reflex
Nausea and vomiting
Sedations
Opiates: overdose findings "Cool to the touch, unresponsive
to pain,
Hunger diminished, and scars over vein.
Pupils pinpointed, and blood pressure low,
Urine diminished, and breathing is slow."
Nitrofurantoin: major side effects NitroFurAntoin:
Neuropathy (peripheral neuropathy)
Fibrosis (pulmonary fibrosis)
Anemia (hemolytic anemia)
Corticosteroids: adverse side effects CUSHINGS BAD MD:
Cataracts
Up all night (sleep disturbances)
Suppression of HPA axis
Hypertension/ buffalo Hump
Infections
Necrosis (avascular)
Gain weight
Striae
Bone loss (osteoporosis)
Acne
Diabetes
Myopathy, moon faces
Depression and emotional changes
Tricyclic antidipressents (TCA): side effects TCA'S:
Thrombocytopenia
Cardiac (arrhymia, MI, stroke)
Anticholinergic (tachycardia, urinary retention, etc)
Seizures
Serious Complications of Oral Birth Control Pills
A – abdominal pain
C – chest pain
H – headache
E – eye problems
S – severe leg pain
Nicotinic effects MTWTF (days of week):
Mydriasis/ Muscle cramps
Tachycardia
Weakness
Twitching
Hypertension/ Hyperglycemia
Fasiculation
morphine: side-effects morphine:
myosis
out of it (sedation)
respiratory depression
pneumonia (aspiration)
hypotension
infrequency (constipation, urinary retention)
nausea
emesis
anticholinergic side effects
"know the abcd's of anticholinergic side effects":
anorexia
blurry vision
constipation/ confusion
dry mouth
sedation/ stasis of urine
aspirin: side effects aspirin:
asthma
salicyalism
peptic ulcer disease/ phosphorylation-oxidation uncoupling/ pph/ platelet disaggregation/ premature closure of pda
intestinal blood loss
reye's syndrome
idiosyncracy
noise (tinnitus)
ssris: side effects ssri:
serotonin syndrome
stimulate cns
reproductive disfunctions in male
insomnia
cholinergics (eg organophosphates): effects
if you know these, you will be "less dumb":
lacrimation
excitation of nicotinic synapses
salivation
sweating
diarrhea
urination
micturition
bronchoconstriction
Lithium: side effects LITHIUM:
Leukocytes Increased (leukocytosis)
Tremors
Hypothyroidism
Increased Urine
Moms beware (teratogenic)
Pitocin side effects:
Pressure is elevated
Intake and output
Tetanic contractions (if >90sec, stop the pitocin!)
Oxygen decreased in fetus
Ccardiac dysrhythmias
Irregular FHR
Nausea and vomiting
Sulfonamide: major side effects · Sulfonamide side
effects:
Steven-Johnson syndrome
Skin rash
Solubility low (causes crystalluria)
Serum albumin displaced (causes newborn kernicterus and potentiation of
other serum albumin-binders like warfarin)
Phenytoin: adverse effects PHENYTOIN:
P-450 interactions
Hirsutism
Enlarged gums
Nystagmus
Yellow-browning of skin
Teratogenicity
Osteomalacia
Interference with B12 metabolism (hence anemia)
Neuropathies: vertigo, ataxia, headache
Respiratory depression inducing drugs "STOP
breathing":
Sedatives and hypnotics
Trimethoprim
Opiates
Polymyxins
steroids is "The 5 S’s" — sick, sad, sex, salt and sugar
Methyldopa: side effects METHYLDOPA:
Mental retardation
Electrolyte imbalance
Tolerance
Headache/ Hepatotoxicity
psYcological upset
Lactation in female
Dry mouth
Oedema
Parkinsonism
Anaemia (haemolytic)
Captopril (an ACE inhibitor): side effects CAPTOPRIL:
Cough
Angioedema/ Agranulocystosis
Proteinuria/ Potassium excess
Taste changes
Orthostatic hypotension
Pregnancy contraindication/ Pancreatitis/ Pressure drop
(first dose hypertension)
Renal failure (and renal artery stenosis contraindication)/ Rash
Indomethacin inhibition
Leukopenia/ Liver toxicity
K+ increasing agents K-BANK:
K-sparing diuretic
Beta blocker
ACEI
NSAID
Ksupplement
Treatments
"MONA," which represents the steps of the stat treatment of a myocardial infarction — morphine sulfate, oxygen, nitroglycerin and aspirin.
"UNLOAD FAST," which is for the treatment of congestive heart failure — upright sitting, nitroglycerin, Lasix, oxygen, aminophylline, digoxin, fluids (decrease), afterload (decrease), sodium (decrease) and tests (digoxin level, arterial blood gas, potassium).
Hypertension: treatment ABCD:
ACE inhibitors/ AngII antagonists (sometimes Alpha agonists
also)
Beta blockers
Calcium antagonists
Diuretics (sometimes vasoDilators also)
MAOIs: indications MAOI'S:
Melancholic [classic name for atypical depression]
Anxiety
Obesity disorders [anorexia, bulemia]
Imagined illnesses [hypochondria]
Social phobias
· Listed in decreasing order of importance.
· Note MAOI is inside MelAnchOlIc.
Diuretics: thiazides: indications "CHIC to use
thiazides":
CHF
Hypertension
Insipidous
Calcium calculil
Misc.
beta-1 vs beta-2 receptor location "you have 1 heart and 2 lungs":
beta-1 are therefore primarily on heart. beta-2 primarily on lungs.
narcotic antagonists
the narcotic antagonists are naloxone and naltrexone. · important clinically to treat narcotic overdose
Parasympathetic vs. sympathetic neurotransmitters "No
sympathy for a Pair of Aces":
Norepinephren is secreted in by the Sympathetic nervous system
while Acetylcholine is secreted in the Parasympathetic nervous
system.
Insulin: mixing regular insulin and NPH "Not Ready, Ready Now":
Air into NPH, Air into Regular, Draw up Regular, Draw up NPH
Lead poisoning: presentation ABCDEFG:
Anemia
Basophilic stripping
Colicky pain
Diarrhea
Encephalopathy
Foot drop
Gum (lead line)
Diuretics: groups "Leak Over The CAN":
Loop diuretics
Osmotics
Thiazides
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
Aldosterone inhibitors
Na (sodium) channel blockers
· Note: "leak" is slang for urination and "can" is slang for a toilet.
Cocaine: cardiovascular effect COcaine causes blood vessels to
COnstrict (unlike other local anesthetics which cause vasodilation).
Phenobarbitone: side effects Children are annoying (hyperkinesia,
irritability, insomnia, aggression).
Adults are dosy (sedation, dizziness, drowsiness).
hallucinogen intoxication
D- distorted (blurred) vision
I – incoordination
S sweating
t- tachycardia
o – opening (dilation) of the pupil
r – racing heart (palpitations)
t – tremor
Opioids: effects BAD AMERICANS:
Bradycardia & hypotension
Anorexia
Diminished pupilary size
Analgesics
Miosis
Euphoria
Respiratory depression
Increased smooth muscle activity (biliary tract constriction)
Constipation
Ameliorate cough reflex
Nausea and vomiting
Sedations
Opiates: overdose findings "Cool to the touch, unresponsive
to pain,
Hunger diminished, and scars over vein.
Pupils pinpointed, and blood pressure low,
Urine diminished, and breathing is slow."
Nitrofurantoin: major side effects NitroFurAntoin:
Neuropathy (peripheral neuropathy)
Fibrosis (pulmonary fibrosis)
Anemia (hemolytic anemia)
Corticosteroids: adverse side effects CUSHINGS BAD MD:
Cataracts
Up all night (sleep disturbances)
Suppression of HPA axis
Hypertension/ buffalo Hump
Infections
Necrosis (avascular)
Gain weight
Striae
Bone loss (osteoporosis)
Acne
Diabetes
Myopathy, moon faces
Depression and emotional changes
Tricyclic antidipressents (TCA): side effects TCA'S:
Thrombocytopenia
Cardiac (arrhymia, MI, stroke)
Anticholinergic (tachycardia, urinary retention, etc)
Seizures
Serious Complications of Oral Birth Control Pills
A – abdominal pain
C – chest pain
H – headache
E – eye problems
S – severe leg pain
Nicotinic effects MTWTF (days of week):
Mydriasis/ Muscle cramps
Tachycardia
Weakness
Twitching
Hypertension/ Hyperglycemia
Fasiculation
morphine: side-effects morphine:
myosis
out of it (sedation)
respiratory depression
pneumonia (aspiration)
hypotension
infrequency (constipation, urinary retention)
nausea
emesis
anticholinergic side effects
"know the abcd's of anticholinergic side effects":
anorexia
blurry vision
constipation/ confusion
dry mouth
sedation/ stasis of urine
aspirin: side effects aspirin:
asthma
salicyalism
peptic ulcer disease/ phosphorylation-oxidation uncoupling/ pph/ platelet disaggregation/ premature closure of pda
intestinal blood loss
reye's syndrome
idiosyncracy
noise (tinnitus)
ssris: side effects ssri:
serotonin syndrome
stimulate cns
reproductive disfunctions in male
insomnia
cholinergics (eg organophosphates): effects
if you know these, you will be "less dumb":
lacrimation
excitation of nicotinic synapses
salivation
sweating
diarrhea
urination
micturition
bronchoconstriction
Lithium: side effects LITHIUM:
Leukocytes Increased (leukocytosis)
Tremors
Hypothyroidism
Increased Urine
Moms beware (teratogenic)
Pitocin side effects:
Pressure is elevated
Intake and output
Tetanic contractions (if >90sec, stop the pitocin!)
Oxygen decreased in fetus
Ccardiac dysrhythmias
Irregular FHR
Nausea and vomiting
Sulfonamide: major side effects · Sulfonamide side
effects:
Steven-Johnson syndrome
Skin rash
Solubility low (causes crystalluria)
Serum albumin displaced (causes newborn kernicterus and potentiation of
other serum albumin-binders like warfarin)
Phenytoin: adverse effects PHENYTOIN:
P-450 interactions
Hirsutism
Enlarged gums
Nystagmus
Yellow-browning of skin
Teratogenicity
Osteomalacia
Interference with B12 metabolism (hence anemia)
Neuropathies: vertigo, ataxia, headache
Respiratory depression inducing drugs "STOP
breathing":
Sedatives and hypnotics
Trimethoprim
Opiates
Polymyxins
steroids is "The 5 S’s" — sick, sad, sex, salt and sugar
Methyldopa: side effects METHYLDOPA:
Mental retardation
Electrolyte imbalance
Tolerance
Headache/ Hepatotoxicity
psYcological upset
Lactation in female
Dry mouth
Oedema
Parkinsonism
Anaemia (haemolytic)
Captopril (an ACE inhibitor): side effects CAPTOPRIL:
Cough
Angioedema/ Agranulocystosis
Proteinuria/ Potassium excess
Taste changes
Orthostatic hypotension
Pregnancy contraindication/ Pancreatitis/ Pressure drop
(first dose hypertension)
Renal failure (and renal artery stenosis contraindication)/ Rash
Indomethacin inhibition
Leukopenia/ Liver toxicity
K+ increasing agents K-BANK:
K-sparing diuretic
Beta blocker
ACEI
NSAID
Ksupplement
Treatments
"MONA," which represents the steps of the stat treatment of a myocardial infarction — morphine sulfate, oxygen, nitroglycerin and aspirin.
"UNLOAD FAST," which is for the treatment of congestive heart failure — upright sitting, nitroglycerin, Lasix, oxygen, aminophylline, digoxin, fluids (decrease), afterload (decrease), sodium (decrease) and tests (digoxin level, arterial blood gas, potassium).
Hypertension: treatment ABCD:
ACE inhibitors/ AngII antagonists (sometimes Alpha agonists
also)
Beta blockers
Calcium antagonists
Diuretics (sometimes vasoDilators also)
MAOIs: indications MAOI'S:
Melancholic [classic name for atypical depression]
Anxiety
Obesity disorders [anorexia, bulemia]
Imagined illnesses [hypochondria]
Social phobias
· Listed in decreasing order of importance.
· Note MAOI is inside MelAnchOlIc.
Diuretics: thiazides: indications "CHIC to use
thiazides":
CHF
Hypertension
Insipidous
Calcium calculil
Misc.
beta-1 vs beta-2 receptor location "you have 1 heart and 2 lungs":
beta-1 are therefore primarily on heart. beta-2 primarily on lungs.
narcotic antagonists
the narcotic antagonists are naloxone and naltrexone. · important clinically to treat narcotic overdose
Parasympathetic vs. sympathetic neurotransmitters "No
sympathy for a Pair of Aces":
Norepinephren is secreted in by the Sympathetic nervous system
while Acetylcholine is secreted in the Parasympathetic nervous
system.
Insulin: mixing regular insulin and NPH "Not Ready, Ready Now":
Air into NPH, Air into Regular, Draw up Regular, Draw up NPH
Lead poisoning: presentation ABCDEFG:
Anemia
Basophilic stripping
Colicky pain
Diarrhea
Encephalopathy
Foot drop
Gum (lead line)
Diuretics: groups "Leak Over The CAN":
Loop diuretics
Osmotics
Thiazides
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
Aldosterone inhibitors
Na (sodium) channel blockers
· Note: "leak" is slang for urination and "can" is slang for a toilet.
Cocaine: cardiovascular effect COcaine causes blood vessels to
COnstrict (unlike other local anesthetics which cause vasodilation).
Pharmacology Mnemonics
Pharmacology Mnemonics
Pharmacology Mnemonics
RTI: drugs to treat viral respiratory
infections "You'd get
a respiratory infection if you shoot an ARO (arrow) laced with
viruses into the lungs":
ARO:
Amantadine
Rimantadine
Oseltamivir
a respiratory infection if you shoot an ARO (arrow) laced with
viruses into the lungs":
ARO:
Amantadine
Rimantadine
Oseltamivir
Medication administration: short
checklist TRAMP:
· Before dispensing medication, ensure have correct:
Time
Route
Amount
Medication
Patient
· Before dispensing medication, ensure have correct:
Time
Route
Amount
Medication
Patient
Opiates: overdose findings "Cool to the touch, unresponsive
to pain,
Hunger diminished, and scars over vein.
Pupils pinpointed, and blood pressure low,
Urine diminished, and breathing is slow."
to pain,
Hunger diminished, and scars over vein.
Pupils pinpointed, and blood pressure low,
Urine diminished, and breathing is slow."
Cocaine: cardiovascular effect COcaine causes blood
vessels to
COnstrict (unlike other local anesthetics which cause vasodilation).
vessels to
COnstrict (unlike other local anesthetics which cause vasodilation).
Aminoglycosides: common characteristics AMINO:
Active Against Aerobic gram negative
Mechanism of resistance are Modifying enzymes
Inhibit protein synthesis by binding to 30S subunit
Nephrotoxic
Ototoxic
Active Against Aerobic gram negative
Mechanism of resistance are Modifying enzymes
Inhibit protein synthesis by binding to 30S subunit
Nephrotoxic
Ototoxic
Pharmacology pneumonic
Pharmacology
pneumonic
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Hepatomegaly: 3 common causes, 3 rarer causes
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Common are 3 C's:
Cirrhosis Carcinoma Cardiac failure Rarer are 3 C's: Cholestasis Cysts Cellular infiltration . ---Anonymous Contributor and Jamal Khan Not Specified and Birmingham University Medical Student |
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Inflammatory Bowel Disease: which has
cobblestones
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Crohn's has Cobblestones on endoscopy.
. ---Anonymous Contributor |
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PKU findings
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PKU:
Pale hair, skin Krazy (neurological abnormalities) Unpleasant smell . ---Robert O'Connor and Lior Greenberg |
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Haemochromatosis definition, classic triad
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"Iron man triathalon":
Iron man: deposition of iron in many body tissues. · Triathalon has 3 components, which match triad: Swimming: Skin pigmentation Biking: Bronze diabetes Marathon: Micronodular pigment cirrhosis · See diagram for visual equivalent. . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
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Ulcerative colitis: features
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ULCERATIONS:
Ulcers Large intestine Carcinoma [risk] Extraintestinal manifestations Remnants of old ulcers [pseudopolyps] Abscesses in crypts Toxic megacolon [risk] Inflamed, red, granular mucosa Originates at rectum Neutrophil invasion Stools bloody . ---Samuel Atom Baek-Kim |
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Peptic ulcer: associated causative factors
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SHAZAM:
Smoking Hypercalcemia Aspirin Zollinger-Ellison Acidity MEN type I · These may work with H. pylori to promote ulceration, or may act alone. . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
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Carcinoid syndrome: components
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CARCinoid:
Cutaneous flushing Asthmatic wheezing Right sided valvular heart lesions Cramping and diarrhea . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
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Gallstones/cholecystitis: risk factors
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Kwashiorkor: distinguishing from Marasmus
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Oral cancer risks
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PATH LAB:
Plummer-vinson syndrome Alcohol Tobacco Human papilloma virus Leukoplakia Asbestos Bad oral hygiene |
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Pancreatitis: causes
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PANCREATITIS:
Posterior Alcohol Neoplasm Cholelithiasis Rx (lasix, AZT) ERCP Abdominal surgery Trauma Infection (mumps) Triglycerides elevated Idiopathic Scorpion bite . ---Anonymous Contributor |
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Hepatocellular carcinoma: aetiology, features
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ABC:
Aetiology: Aflatoxins Hep B Cirrhosis · Features: AFP increased (classic marker) Bile-producing (DDx from cholangiocarcinoma) Commonest primary liver tumor . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
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Pancreatitis: causes
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BAD S#!T:
Biliary: gallstones, 1% of ERCP patients Alcoholism/ Azotemia Drugs Scorpion bite/ Sea anenome/ SLE Hyperlipidemia/ Hypercalcemia Idiopathic/ Infectious (mumps, coxsackie, salmonella, ascariasis) Tumor/ Trauma · The drugs are: penacillamine, furosemide, thiazides, ethacrynic acid, steroids, sulfas, ace inhibitors, N-SAIDs, erythromycin, estrogen. . ---Anonymous Contributor |
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IBD: extraintestinal manifestations
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"Left intestine to sail the SEAS of
the rest of the body":
Skin manifestations: erythema nodosum, pyoderma gangrenosum Eye inflammation: iritis, episcleritis Arthritis Sclerosing cholangitis . ---Anonymous Contributor |
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Achalasia: 1 possible cause, 1 treatment
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aCHAlasia:
1 possible cause: CHAgas' disease 1 treatment: Ca++ CHAnnel blockers . ---Anonymous Contributor |
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Colon cancer: risk factors
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HULA:
Heridity/ Heriditary diseases Ulcerative colitis Low fibre, high fat diet Adenomatous polyps . ---Anonymous Contributor |
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Colon carcinoma: aeitiology
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CRAPS:
Chronic ulcerative colitis Ratio of animal fat:fibre diet Adenomatous polyps Familial Polyposis Strong family history of colon cancer. . |
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Takayasu's disease is Pulseless disease
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"Can't Tak'a ya pulse"
(Can't take your pulse):
Takayasu's disease known as Pulseless disease, since pulse is weakened in the upper extremities. . ---Anonymous Contributor |
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Acute ischemia: signs [especially limbs]
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6 P's:
Pain Pallor Pulselessness Paralysis Paraesthesia Perishingly cold . ---Shebrain Cairo University |
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Hypertension: secondary hypertension causes
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CHAPS:
Cushing's syndrome Hyperaldosteronism [aka Conn's syndrome] Aorta coarctation Phaeochromocytoma Stenosis of renal arteries · Note: only 5% of hypertension cases are secondary, rest are primary. . ---Anonymous Contributor |
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MI: sequence of elevated enzymes after MI
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"C-AST-Le"
(castle):
CK-MB first AST second LDH third · Also: can use the last 'E' for ESR. . ---Anonymous Contributor |
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Atherosclerosis risk factors
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"You're a SAD BET with
these risk factors":
Sex: male Age: middle-aged, elderly Diabetes mellitus BP high: hypertension Elevated cholesterol Tobacco . ---HBV Morehouse School of Medicine |
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Atherosclerosis risk factors
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SHIFT MAID:
Smoking Hypertension (N)IDDM Family history Triglycerdides & fats Male Age Inactivity Diet / Drink . ---Marcus McMillan Glasgow University |
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Thrombus: possible fates
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DOPE:
Dissolution Organization & repair Propagation Embolization . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
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MI: sequence of elevated enzymes after MI
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"Time to CALL 911":
· From first to appear to last: Troponin CK-MB AST LDH1 . ---Marco Foramiglio Centro de Ciências Médicas e Biológicas - PUC/SP- Sorocaba/SP - Brazil |
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Blood disorders: commoner sex
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HE (male) gets:
HEmophilia (X-linked) HEinz bodies (G6PD deficiency, causing HEmolytic anemia: X-linked) HEmochromatosis (male predominance) HEart attacks (male predominance) HEnoch-Schonlein purpura (male predominance) SHE (female) gets: SHEehan's syndrome . ---Anonymous Contributor |
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Deep venous thrombosis: genetic causes
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ALASCA:
Antithrombin III Leiden (Factor V) APC (Activated Protein C) S-protein deficiency C-protein deficiency Antiphospholipid antibody |
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Buerger's disease features
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"burger SCRAPS":
Segmenting thrombosing vasculitis Claudication (intermittent) Raynaud's phenomenon Associated with smoking Pain, even at rest Superficial nodular phlebitis · Alternatively, if hungry for more detail [sic], "CRISP PIG burgers": Chronic ulceration Raynaud's phenomenon Intermittent claudication Segmenting, thrombosing vasculitis Pain, even at rest Phlebitis (superficial nodular) Idiopathic Gangrene . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
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Deep venous thrombosis: diagnosis
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DVT:
Dilated superficial veins/ Discoloration/ Doppler ultrasound Venography is gold standard Tenderness of Thigh and calf . ---Rinku Uberoi UNIBE |
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Virchow's triad (venous thrombosis)
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"VIRchow":
Vascular trauma Increased coagulability Reduced blood flow (stasis) . ---Rinku Uberoi UNIBE |
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Kawasaki disease: features
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Disease name: a Kawasaki motorcycle.
Usually young children, epidemic in Japan: Japanese child rides the motorcycle. Conjunctival, oral erythema: red eyes, mouth. Fever: thermometer. Erythema of palms, soles: red palms, soles. Generalized rash: rash dots. Cervical lymphadenitis: enlarged cervical nodes with inflammation arrows. Vasculitis of arteries: inflammation arrows on arteries. Cardiovascular sequelae [20%]: inflammation arrows on cardiac arteries. Treat with aspirin: aspirin headlight. · See diagram. . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
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Von Hippel-Lindau: signs and symptoms
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HIPPEL:
Hemanigoblastomas Increased renal cancer Pheochromocytoma Port-wine stains Eye dysfunction Liver, pancreas, kidney cysts · Bare bones version: Hippel-Lindau, with H and L as above. . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
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Heart failure causes
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"HEART MAy DIE":
Hypertension Embolism Anemia Rheumatic heart disease Thyrotoxicosis (incl. pregnancy) Myocardial infarct Arrythmia Y Diet & lifestyle Infection Endocarditis . ---The Cashman University of Queensland, Australia |
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Anemia causes (simplified)
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ANEMIA:
Anemia of chronic disease No folate or B12 Ethanol Marrow failure & hemaglobinopathies Iron deficient Acute & chronic blood loss . ---The Cashman University of Queensland, Australia |
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Pick's disease: location, action, epidemiology
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· See figure.
Pick axes are Picking away at the old woman's cerebral cortex, causing cortical atrophy. 2 pick axes on her brain: frontal lobe and anterior 1/3 of temporal. An old woman, since epidemiology is elderly & more common in women. . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
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Pericarditis: findings
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PERICarditis:
Pulsus paradoxus ECG changes Rub Increased JVP Chest pain [worse on inspiration, better when lean forward] . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
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Fat embolism: findings
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"Fat, Bat, Fract":
Fat in urine, sputum Bat-wing lung x-ray Fracture history · Also, fracture of FEMur causes Fat EMboli. . |
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Hemolytic anemia types
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SHEEP T!T:
Sickle cell Heriditary splenocytosis Enzyme deficiencies: [G6P, pyruvate kinase] Erythroblastosis fetalis Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria Trauma to RBCs Immunohemolytics: [warm Ab, cold Ag] Thalassemias: [alpha, beta] . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
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Disseminated Intravascular Cogulation: causes
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DIC:
Delivery TEAR (obstetric complications) Infections (gram negative)/ Immunological Cancer (prostate, pancreas, lung, stomach) · Obstretrical complications are TEAR: Toxemia of pregnancy Emboli (amniotic) Abrutio placentae Retain fetus products . ---Khawaja Atif Farooq Rawalpindi Medical College, Islamabad, Pakistan (Gujranwala) |
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Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: signs
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FAT RN:
Fever Anemia Thrombocytopenia Renal problems Neurologic dysfunction . ---Anonymous Contributor |
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Kawasaki disease: diagnostic criteria
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CHILD:
5 letters=5 days, >5 years old, 5 out 6 criteria for diagnosis: Conjuctivitis (bilateral) Hyperthermia (fever) >5 days Idiopathic polymorphic rash Lymphoadenopathy (cervical) Dryness & redness of (i)lips & month (ii)palms & soles [2 separate criteria] . ---Wen Sun Lum University of Calgary, Canada |
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Protein C, Protein S: function
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C and S are:
Clot Stoppers · These proteins inhibit coagulation. . ---Rinku Uberoi New York Hospital |
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Aneurysm types
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MAD SCAB:
Mycotic Atherosclerotic Dissecting Syphilitic Capillary microaneurysm Arteriovenous fistula Berry . ---Sushant Varma Medical student, University of Sheffield, UK |
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Kawasaki's disease: features
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FEAR ME:
Fever Eye: perilimbic sparing conjunctival injection Adenopathy: usually cervical Rash Mouth: red lips Extremities: red hands and feet · Disease to be feared because of risk of coronary aneurysms. . ---Vince Yamashiroya |
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MI: complications
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"LEAP on the MAP":
LVF Embolism (systemic) Aneurysm (ventricular) Progressive infarction Myocardial rupture Arrhythmia Pericarditis . ---Kevin Lau University of Hong Kong |
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Portal hypertension: features
|
|
ABCDE:
Ascites Bleeding (haematemesis, piles) Caput medusae Diminished liver Enlarged spleen . ---Dr. Harsh Sharma |
|
Anemia (normocytic): causes
|
|
ABCD:
Acute blood loss Bone marrow failure Chronic disease Destruction (hemolysis) . ---Anthony Chan |
|
TTP: clinical features
|
|
Thrombosis and thrombocytopenia PARTNER together:
Platelet count low Anemia (microangiopathic hemolytic) Renal failure Temperature rise Neurological deficits ER admission (as it is an emergency) . ---Anthony Chan |
|
Macrocytic anaemia: differential
|
|
FAT RBC:
Fetus (pregnancy) Alcohol Thyroid disease(ie hypothyroidism) Reticulocytosis B12 and folate deficiency Cirrhosis and chronic liver disease . ---Anonymous Contributor |
|
MI: post-MI complications
|
|
ACT RAPID:
Arrhythmias (SVT, VT, VF) Congestive cardiac failure Tamponade/ Thromboembolic disorders Rupture (ventricle, septum, papillary muscle) Aneurysm (ventricle) Pericarditis Infaction (a second one) Death/ Dressler's syndrome . ---Dr. Huw Davies |
|
Cardiovascular risk factors
|
|
FLASH BODIES:
Family history Lipids Age Sex Homocystinaemia Blood pressure Obesity Diabetes mellitus Inflammation (raised CRP)/ Increased thrombosis Exercise Smoking . ---Hamish Mace Dunedin School of Medicine, New Zealand |
|
Cardiovascular risk factors (Framingham)
|
|
FRAMINGHAM:
Family history Running (exercise) Adiposity (obesity) Marlboros (tobacco) Insulin resistance (diabetes) Non-regulated lipids (dyslipidaemia) Georgie Pie (high fat diet) Hypertension Age Male |
endocrine
|
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia (MEN) subtype
classification
|
|
Each subtype has 2 or 3 causes, plus something 1
or 2 more items.
MEN I is disease of 3 P's: [Pituitary, Parathyroid, Pancreas] plus one more: adrenal cortex. MEN II is disease of 2 C's: [Carcinoma of thyroid, Catacholamines (pheochromocytoma)] plus two more: parathyroid for MEN IIa or mucocutaneous neuromas for MEN IIB (also called MEN III). . ---Anonymous Contributor |
|
Hypercalcemia: symptoms of elevated serum levels
|
|
"Bones, Stones, Groans, Moans":
Bones: pain in bones Stones: renal Groans: pain Psychic moans/ Psychological overtones: confused state . ---Anonymous Contributor |
|
Pheochromocytoma: 3 most common symptoms
|
|
"PHEochromocytoma":
Palpitations Headache Edisodic sweating (diaphoresis) . ---Anonymous Contributor |
|
Thyroid carcinoma: features, prognosis of most
popular
|
|
Most Popular is Papillary.
· Clinical features: Papillae (branching) Palpable lymph nodes "Pupil" nuclei (Orphan Annie) Psammoma bodies within lesion (often) · Also, has a Positive Prognosis (10 year survival rate: 98%). . ---Anonymous Contributor |
|
Thyroid storm characteristics
|
|
"Storm HITS girls cAMP":
Thyroid storm due to: Hyperthyroidism Infection or Illness at childbirth Trauma Surgery · girls: Thyroid storm more common in females. · cAMP: Tx involves high dose of beta blockers (beta receptors work via cAMP) · Alternatively: "S#IT storm": Surgery, Hyperthyroidism, Infection/ Illness, Trauma. . ---Sung H. Kim & Lior Greenberg |
|
Hypothyroidism/thyroiditis: maifestations and
morphology
|
|
"A SCHISM among the Axis during
WWII":
Addison disease Subacute thyroiditis Cretinism/ Cold intolerance/ Constipation Hashimoto's disease Infectious-subacute thyroiditis Silent thyroiditis Myxedema coma · The Axis: Schimidt syndrome (when other endocrinology disorders accompany Hashimoto's disease) and "Hitler cells" (Hurthle cells, which are follicular epithelial cells with basophilic inculsions) . ---Sung H. Kim |
|
Cushing syndrome
|
|
CUSHING:
Central obesity/ Cervical fat pads/ Collagen fiber weakness/ Comedones (acne) Urinary free corisol and glucose increase Striae/ Suppressed immunity Hypercortisolism/ Hypertension/ Hyperglycemia/ Hirsutism Iatrogenic (Increased administration of corticosteroids) Noniatrogenic (Neoplasms) Glucose intolerance/ Growth retardation . ---Rinku Uberoi |
|
Calcification: metastatic vs. dystrophic
|
|
MEN I (Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia) syndrome:
components
|
|
"Please Please Pay Attention To peptic
ulceration, you worms":
· Adenomas of: Pituatary Pancreatic islets Parathyroid Adrenal cortex Thyroid, associated with peptic ulceration · Syndrome is called "Wermer's syndrome". . ---Anonymous Contributor |
|
Addison's disease: features
|
|
ADDISON:
Autoimmune DIC (meningcoccus) Destruction by cancer, infection, vascular insufficiency Iatrogenic Sarcoidosis, granulomatous such as TB histiomycosis hypOtension/ hypOnatermia Nelson's syndrome [post adrelectomy, increased ACTH] |
|
Multiple endocrine neoplasia III: components
|
|
MEN III is a disease of 3
M's:
Medullary thyroid carcinoma Medulla of adrenal (pheochromocytoma) Mucosal neuroma . ---Anonymous Contributor |
|
Thyrotoxicosis syndrome: signs and symptoms
|
|
"A Penny For Every Symptom That Hyperthyroidism Will Make Grossly Evident":
Anxiety Palpitations/ Pulse rapid Fatigability Emotional lability Sweating Tremor Heat intolerance Weight loss with good appetite Muscular weakness/ Menstrual changes Goitre Eye changes . ---Daniel Clarke University of Queensland |
|
Goitre: differential
|
|
GOITRE:
Goitrogens Onset of puberty Iodine deficiency Thyrotoxicosis/ Tumor/ Thyroiditis [Hashimoto's] Reproduction [pregnancy] Enzyme deficiencies . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
|
Adrenal disorders: Cushing's vs Addison's
|
|
Cushing: is Gushing cortisol.
In Addison's: patient's cortisol doesn't Add up. . ---Anonymous Contributor |
|
Pheochromocytoma: common symptoms
|
|
5 P's:
Paroxysmal rise in BP Palpitations Perspiration Pain in abdomen PMV in urine . ---Malik Tariq Rahim King Edward Medical College, Pakistan |
|
Phaeochromocytoma: diagnositc rule
|
|
· Rule of 10's:
10% ectopic 10% multiple 10% malignant . ---Anonymous Contributor University of Sydney, Australia |
|
Hirsutism vs. virilism
|
|
Hirsutism: Hair on body like a male.
Virilism: Voice and rest of secondary sexual characteristics like a male. . ---Anonymous Contributor |
|
Thyroid carcinoma: frequency
|
|
"Please Feel My A$$":
In order of most frequent to least frequent, and in order from least aggressive to most aggressive: Papillary carcinoma Follicular carcinoma Medullary thyroid carcinoma Anaplastic carcinoma . ---Medicine 2004 student University of Western Ontario |
|
Diabetes: short list of complications
|
|
SHAKE:
Stroke Heart attack Amputations Kidney disease Eyes (vision loss) |
|
Lichen planus characteristics
|
|
Diabetic ketoacidosis: I vs. II
|
|
Baldness risk factors
|
|
"Daddy Doesn't Deny Getting Hair Implants":
Diet Disease Drugs Genes Hormones Injury to the scalp . ---Anonymous Contributor |
|
Melanoma vs. basal cell, squamous cell carcinoma:
metastatic ability
|
|
MElanoma is more likely to
MEtastasize. · Basal and squamous hardly ever metastasize. . ---Anonymous Contributor |
|
Gout: factors that can precipitate an attack of
acute gouty arthritis
|
|
DARK:
Diuretics Alcohol Renal disease Kicked (trauma) · And, the attack occurs most often at night [thus "dark"]. . ---Marc Miller Sackler School of Medicine |
|
Renal failure: causes
|
|
AVID GUT:
Acute tubular necrosis Vascular obstruction Infection Diffuse intravascular coagulation Glomerular disease Urinary obstruction Tubulointerstitial nephritis . ---Daniel Clarke University of Queensland |
|
Calculi: types
|
|
CAlCUli:
Calcium Ammonium magnesium phosphate Cystine Uric acid . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
|
Gout vs. pseudogout: crystal lab findings
|
|
Pseduogout crystals are:
Positive birefringent Polygon shaped · Gout therefore is the negative needle shaped crystals. · Also, gout classically strikes great Toe, and its hallmark is Tophi. . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
|
APKD: signs, complications, accelerators
|
|
11 B's:
· Signs: Bloody urine Bilateral pain [vs. stones, which are usually unilateral pain] Blood pressure up Bigger kidneys Bumps palpable · Complications: Berry aneurysm Biliary cysts Bicuspid valve [prolapse and other problems] · Accelerators: Boys Blacks Blood pressure high . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
|
Barter's syndrome: pathogenesis, major sign
|
|
Barter: "In exchange for giving away
Na+,K+,Cl-, you can drop the blood pressure".
. ---Samuel Atom Baek-Kim Tuckahoe, New York |
|
Renal failure (chronic): consequences
|
|
ABCDEFG:
Anemia -due to less EPO Bone alterations -osteomalacia -osteoporosis -von Recklinghausen Cardiopulmonary -atherosclerosis -CHF -hypertension -pericarditis D vitamin loss Electrolyte imbalance -sodium loss/gain -metabolic acidosis -hyperkalemia Feverous infections -due to leukocyte abnormalities and dialysis hazards GI disturbances -haemorrhagic gastritis -peptic ulcer disease -intractable hiccups . ---Plussind Siriraj Medical University, Thailand |
|
Nephrotic syndrome: hallmark findings
|
|
"Protein LEAC":
Proteinuria Lipid up Edema Albumin down Cholesterol up · In nephrotic, the proteins leak out. . ---Anonymous Contributor |
|
Gout: major features
|
|
GOUT:
Great toe One joint (75% monoarticular) Uric acid increased (hence urolithiasis) Tophi . ---Dr. Harsh Sharma BJ Medical College |
|
Hematuria: urethral causes
|
|
Gout: factors that can precipitate an attack of
acute gouty arthritis
|
|
DARK:
Diuretics Alcohol Renal disease Kicked (trauma) · And, the attack occurs most often at night [thus "dark"]. . ---Marc Miller Sackler School of Medicine |
|
Renal failure: causes
|
|
AVID GUT:
Acute tubular necrosis Vascular obstruction Infection Diffuse intravascular coagulation Glomerular disease Urinary obstruction Tubulointerstitial nephritis . ---Daniel Clarke University of Queensland |
|
Calculi: types
|
|
CAlCUli:
Calcium Ammonium magnesium phosphate Cystine Uric acid . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
|
Gout vs. pseudogout: crystal lab findings
|
|
Pseduogout crystals are:
Positive birefringent Polygon shaped · Gout therefore is the negative needle shaped crystals. · Also, gout classically strikes great Toe, and its hallmark is Tophi. . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
|
APKD: signs, complications, accelerators
|
|
11 B's:
· Signs: Bloody urine Bilateral pain [vs. stones, which are usually unilateral pain] Blood pressure up Bigger kidneys Bumps palpable · Complications: Berry aneurysm Biliary cysts Bicuspid valve [prolapse and other problems] · Accelerators: Boys Blacks Blood pressure high . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
|
Barter's syndrome: pathogenesis, major sign
|
|
Barter: "In exchange for giving away
Na+,K+,Cl-, you can drop the blood pressure".
. ---Samuel Atom Baek-Kim Tuckahoe, New York |
|
Renal failure (chronic): consequences
|
|
ABCDEFG:
Anemia -due to less EPO Bone alterations -osteomalacia -osteoporosis -von Recklinghausen Cardiopulmonary -atherosclerosis -CHF -hypertension -pericarditis D vitamin loss Electrolyte imbalance -sodium loss/gain -metabolic acidosis -hyperkalemia Feverous infections -due to leukocyte abnormalities and dialysis hazards GI disturbances -haemorrhagic gastritis -peptic ulcer disease -intractable hiccups . ---Plussind Siriraj Medical University, Thailand |
|
Nephrotic syndrome: hallmark findings
|
|
"Protein LEAC":
Proteinuria Lipid up Edema Albumin down Cholesterol up · In nephrotic, the proteins leak out. . ---Anonymous Contributor |
|
Gout: major features
|
|
GOUT:
Great toe One joint (75% monoarticular) Uric acid increased (hence urolithiasis) Tophi . ---Dr. Harsh Sharma BJ Medical College |
|
Hematuria: urethral causes
|
|
Hodgkin's lymphoma classification
|
|
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome: symptom triad
|
|
"PET WASP":
Pyrogenic infections Eczema Thrombocytopenia · WASP is the name of the causitive agent: Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein. · Alternatively: Wiskott=Hot, Aldrich=Itch, Syndrom=Throm. . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
|
Sarcoidosis summarized
|
|
SARCOIDOISIS:
Schaumann calcifications Asteroid bodies/ [ACE] increase/ Anergy Respiratory complications/ Renal calculi/ Restrictive lung disease/ Restrictive cardiomyopathy Calcium increase in serum and urine/ CD4 helper cells Ocular lesions Immune mediated noncaseating granulomas/ [Ig] increase Diabetes insipidus/ [D vit.] increase/ Dyspnea Osteopathy Skin (Subcutaneous nodules, erythema nodosum) Interstitial lung fibrosis/ IL-1 Seventh CN palsy . ---Rinku Uberoi UNIBE |
|
Apoptosis vs. necrosis
|
|
"LIFELESS" (since cells are
dead):
· Differences are in: Leaky membranes Inflammatory response Fate Extent Laddering Energy dependent Swell or shrink Stimulus · See attached table for apoptosis and necrosis properties for each of the above. . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
|
Leukemias: acute vs. chronic rules of thumb
|
|
ABCDE:
Acute is: Blasts predominate Children Drastic course Elderly Few WBC's (so Fevers) · Chronic is all the opposites: Mature cells predominate Middle aged Less debilitating course Elevated WBC's, so not a history of fevers and infections . ---Anonymous Contributor |
|
Hypersplenism: criteria
|
|
"Hyper Splenism Ravages Cells":
Hypercellular or normal marrow Splenomegaly Response to splenectomy Cytopenias . ---Dr. Harsh Sharma BJMC, Pune, India |
|
Anemia: TIBC finding to differentiate iron
deficiency vs. chronic disease
|
|
TIBC levels at the:
Top=Iron deficiency. Bottom=Chronic disease. . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
|
Microcytic anemia: causes
|
|
"Find Those Small Cells":
Fe deficiency Thalassemia Sideroblastic Chronic disease . ---K. Dang University of Toronto |
|
Megaloblastic anemia: vitamin B12 deficiency vs.
folate deficiency
|
|
Vitamin B12 deficiency also
affects Brain (optic neuropathy, subacute combined degeneration,
paresthesia).
· Folate deficiency is not associated with neurological symptoms. . ---Glen Davis Cornell University Medical College |
|
Symptoms of TTP/HUS
|
|
"Nasty Fever Ruined My Tubes":
Neurological symptoms Fever Renal failure Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia Thrombocytopenia |
|
Hemophilia: type A factor
|
|
Hemophilia A: problems with VIII
factor (number V as an inverted A).
. ---Julio M. De Peña, M.D. UNIBE Med School |
|
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome: symptom triad
|
|
WASTER:
Wiskott Aldrich Syndrome is: Thrombocytopenia Eczema Recurrent staphlococcal infections . ---Anonymous Contributor |
|
Macrocytosis: Non-B12/folate causes
|
|
ALPHA NERD:
Alcohol Liver disease Pregnancy Hemaolysis (especially chronic) Agglutination Neoplasia (including myelodysplasia) Endocrine (hypothyroidism) Reticulocytes Drugs (especially myelosuppressives like chemotherapy, anti-HIV meds) . ---Steve |
|
Duchenne vs. Becker Muscular Dystrophy
|
|
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
(DMD) : Doesn't Make Dystrophin.
Becker Muscular Dystrophy (BMD): Badly Made Dystrophin (a truncated protein). . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
|
McArdle's syndrome
|
|
MCARDLES:
Myoglobinuria Cramping after exercise Accumulated glycogen Recessive inheritance Deficiency of muscle phosphorylase Lactate levels fail to rise Elevated creatine kinase Skeletal muscle only |
Nervous system
|
Wernicke-Korsakoff triad
|
|
Syndrome in alchoholics, who love to
"drink CANs of beer":
Confusion Ataxia Nystagmus . ---Victor R. Carrion Zamoira Ponce School of Medicine |
|
Wernicke-Korsakoff's psychosis: findings
|
|
COAT RACK:
· Wernicke's encephalopathy (acute phase): Confusion Ophthalmoplegia Ataxia Thiamine tx. · Korsakoff's psychosis (chronic phase): Retrograde amnesia Anterograde amnesia Confabulation Korsakoff's psychosis . ---HBV Morehouse School of Medicine |
|
Parkinsonism: essential features
|
|
TRAPS:
Tremor (resting tremor) Rigidity Akinesia Postural changes (stooped) Stare (serpentine stare) · To remember what kind of tremor and postural change, can look at letter that follows in TRAPS: Tremor is Resting, Posture is Stooped. . ---Anonymous Contributor |
|
Tabes Dorsalis morphology
|
|
DORSALIS:
Dorsal column degeneration Orthopedic pain (Charcot joints) Reflexes decreased (deep tendon) Shooting pain Argyll-Robertson pupils Locomotor ataxia Impaired proprioception Syphilis . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
|
Pyrogenic meningitis: likeliest bug in age group
|
|
"Explaining Hot Neck Stiffness":
· In order from birth to death: E. coli [infants] Haemophilus influenzae [older infants, kids] Neisseria meningitis [young adults] Streptococcus pneumoniae [old folks] . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
|
Parkinson's disease: symptoms
|
|
PQRST:
Paucity of expression parQinson Rigidity (cogwheel) Stooped posture Tremor at rest · If can't remember that Parkinson's tremor is the one that is "resting tremor", look at the last 3 letters: RST. . ---Mitul SUNY, Stony Brook |
|
Neuroblastoma: features
|
|
N-MYC:
Nuclei have "double minutes" Malignant Young Catecholamine secreting · And hallmark is n-myc amplification. . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
|
Lou Gehrig's is both upper and lower motor neuron
signs
|
|
Dandy-Walker syndrome: components
|
|
"Dandy Walker Syndrome":
Dilated 4th ventricle Water on the brain Small vermis . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
|
Cerebral palsy: general features
|
|
Multiple sclerosis (MS): pathology
|
|
MS attacks the Myelin Sheath,
resulting in plaques.
. ---Lior Greenberg Technion Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel |
|
Alzheimer's disease: features
|
|
RONALD (Ronald Reagan, a famous victim):
Reduction of Ach Old age Neurofibrillary tangles Atrophy of cerebral cortex (diffuse) Language impairment Dementia (MC in elderly)/ Down's syndrome . ---Dr. Harsh Sharma BJMC, Pune, India |
|
Pick's disease: features
|
|
PICK:
Progressive degeneration of neurons Intracytoplasmic Pick bodies Cortical atrophy Knife edge gyri . ---Dr. Atif Farooq Khawaja Rawalpindi Medical College, Pakistan |
|
Alzheimer's disease (AD): associations, findings
|
|
AD:
· Associations: Aluminum toxicity Acetylcholine deficiencies Amyloid B Apolipoprotein gene E Altered nucleus basalis of Meynert Down's · Findings: Actin inclusions (Hirano bodies) Atrophy of brain Amyloid plaques Aphasia, Apraxia, Agitation DNA-coiled tangles Dementia, Disoriented, Depressed . ---Dr. Atif Farooq Khawaja Rawalpindi Medical College, Gujranwala, Pakistan |
|
Wernickes encephalopathy: components
|
|
WACO:
· Wernickes is: Ataxia Confusion (or clouded consciousness) Ocular problems · Note: Waco is the town in Texas, USA made famous for a standoff with a David Koresh and the Branch Davidians. . |
Other
|
Necrosis: the 4 types
|
|
"Life Can Get Complicated":
Liquifactive Coagulation Gangrene Caseous · 'Life' used since necrosis is 'death'. . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
|
Turner syndrome: components
|
|
CLOWNS:
Cardiac abnormalities (specifically Coartication) Lymphoedema Ovaries underdeveloped (causing sterility, amenorrhea) Webbed neck Nipples widely spaced Short . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
|
Fragile-X syndrome: features
|
|
DSM-4:
Discontinued chromosome staining Shows anticipation Male (male more affected) Mental retardation (2nd most common genetic cause) Macrognathia Macroorchidism . ---Hugo M. Rodriguez, MD University of Virginia Roanoke-Salem Program |
|
Whipple's disease: full features
|
|
WHIPPLES:
Weight loss Hyperpigmentation of skin Infection with tropheryma whippelii PAS positive granules in macrophage Polyarthritis Lymphadenopathy Enteric involvement Steatorrhea . ---Dr. Atif Farooq Khawaja Rawalpindi Medical College, Pakistan |
|
CREST sydrome: components
|
|
CREST:
Calcinosis Raynaud's phenomena Esophageal dysmotility Sclerodactyly Telangectasia . ---Andrew J. Vasil University of Minn Medical School |
|
Edwards' syndrome: characteristics
|
|
EDWARDS:
Eighteen (trisomy) Digit overlapping flexion Wide head Absent intellect (mentally retarded) Rocker-bottom feet Diseased heart Small lower jaw . ---Monika Kiripolsky Vanderbilt University School of Medicine |
|
Fragile X syndrome: features
|
|
FEMALES
FMR1 gene Exhibits anticpation Macro-orchidism Autism Long face with large jaw Everted eyes Second most common casue of genetic mental retardation . ---Sung Hoon Kim El Paso, TX |
|
Kawasaki Disease Criteria
|
|
"Be careful when riding a Kawasaki motorcycle,
you might get CREAMed.
Conjunctivitis (non-exudative) Rash (polymorphous non-vesicular) Edema (or erythema of hands or feet) Adenopathy (cervical, often unilateral) Mucosal involvement (erythema or fissures or crusting) To have Kawasaki disease you must have fever for greater than 5 days plus 4 of the above. . ---Eric J Ex |
|
Neurofibromatoses: chromosome mutation locations
in von Reckinghausen (type I) vs. type II
|
|
"von Recklinghausen" has 17 letters
and is due to a mutation on chromosome 17.
"Neurofibromatosis type 2" has 22 and is due to a mutation on chromosome 22. . ---Anonymous Contributor UAG |
Pulmonary
|
Pulmonary embolism: risk factors
|
|
TOM SCHREPFER:
Trauma Obesity Malignancy Surgery Cardiac disease Hospitalization Rest [bed-ridden] Elderly Past history Fracture Estrogen [pregnancy, post-partum] Road trip . ---Anonymous Contributor |
|
Respiratory distress syndrome in infants: major
risk factors
|
|
PCD (Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia, a cause of
Respiratory distress syndrome):
Prematurity Cesarean section Diabetic mother . ---Shebrain Cairo University |
|
Emphysema: types, most important feature of each
|
|
"Cigarettes Is Primary Problem":
· Types: Centrilobular Irregular Pancinar Paraseptal · Most important feature for each type (in order as above): Cigarrettes Inflammation healed to scar Protease inhibitor deficiency (a1-antitrypsin) Pneumothorax · "Cigarettes is primary problem" used since cigarettes is most common cause of emphysema. · Keeping P's straight: Pan is antitrypsin. . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
|
COPD: 4 types and hallmark
|
|
ABCDE:
Asthma Brochiectasis Chronic bronchitis Dyspnea [hallmark of group] Emphysema · Alternatively: replace Dyspnea with Decreased FEV1/FVC ratio. . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
|
Lung cancer: presentation
|
|
ABCDE:
Snowball turned to Avalanche Blood: hemoptysis Cough Distruption to airway in bronchus-->pneumonia whEEzing . ---Samuel Atom Baek-Kim |
|
Interstitial lung disease: causes
|
|
SARCOIDI:
Sarcoidosis Allergic reaction Radiation Connective tissue disease Occupational exposure Infection Drugs Idiopathic . ---Will Herrington UCL Hospital |
|
Bronchial obstruction: consequences
|
|
APPLE BABE:
Atelectasis Pleural adhesions Pleuritis Lipid pneumonia Effusion->organisation->fibrosis Bronchiectasis Abscess Broncho and lobar pneumonia Emphysema . ---BB University of Queensland, Australia |
|
Nasopharyngeal malignant cancers
|
|
NASOPharyngeal:
Nasophayngeal Adenocarcinoma Squamous cell carcinoma Olfactory neuroblastoma Plasmacytoma . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
|
TB: features
|
|
TB is characterised by 4 C's:
Caseation Calcification Cavitation Cicatrization . ---Sameh Shehata Asst. Prof of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alexandria, Egypt |
|
Pancoast tumor: relationship with Horner's
syndrome
|
|
"Horner has a MAP of
the Coast":
A panCoast tumor is a cancer of the lung apex that compresses the cervical sympathetic plexus, causing Horner's syndrome, which is MAP: Miosis Anhidrosis Ptosis |
|
Pulmonary fibrosis: differential of both upper
and lower lobes
|
|
BREAST SCAR:
· Upper lobe: Beryliosis Radiation Extrinsic allergic alveolitis Ankylosing spondylitis Sarcoidosis TB · Lower lobe: Systemic sclerosis Cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis Asbestosis Radiation . ---Lyndon Mason 4th Year Medical Student |
|
Pulmonary embolism: risk factors
|
|
7 H's:
Hereditary (eg factor V Leyden, protein C or S deficiency) History (previous DVT or PE) Hypomobility (fracture, CVA, severe illness, obesity, long trip) Hypovolaemia (nephrotic syndrome, dehydration) Hypercoagulability (smoking, malignancy) Hormones (oestrogens [esp. in OCP], puerperium) Hyperhomocysteinaemia . ---Fahed Al-Daour Med Student |
|
Pneumothorax: presentation
|
|
P-THORAX:
Pleuretic pain Trachea deviation Hyperresonance Onset sudden Reduced breath sounds (& dypsnea) Absent fremitus X-ray shows collapse . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
|
COPD: blue bloater vs. pink puffer diseases
|
|
emPhysema has letter P (and
not B) so Pink Puffer.
chronic Bronchitis has letter B (and not P) so Blue Bloater. . ---Harsh Sharma BJMC, Pune, India |
|
Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS): causes
|
|
ARDS:
Aspiration/ Acute pancreatitis/ Air embolism/ Amniotic embolism Radiation DIC/ Drugs/ Drowning/ Dialysis/ Diffuse lung infection Shock/ Sepsis/ Smoke inhalation . |
reproductive
|
Breast cancer: risk assessment
|
|
"Risk can be assessed by History
ALONE":
History (family, previous episode) Abortion/ Age (old) Late menopause Obesity Nulliparity Early menarche . ---Lau Yue Young Geoffrey Hong Kong University |
|
Endometrial carcinoma: risk factors
|
|
ENDOMET:
Elderly Nulliparity Diabetes Obesity Menstrual irregularity Estrogen therapy hyperTension . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
|
Polycystic ovary: morphology, presentation
|
|
· Morphology is poly-C:
Cysts Capsule thickened Cortical stromal fibrosis · Clinical presentation is OVARY: Obese Virilism or hirsutism Amenorrhoea Reproductive problem [infertile] Young woman . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
|
Herpes I and II: lab findings.
|
|
She's an odd chick: whenever she's in a
restaurant, she always orders Her Peas and Cowdry.
Herpes I and II have Cowdry Type A inclusion bodies . ---Lior Greenberg Technion Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel |
|
Gynecomastia: causes
|
|
Scrotum masses
|
|
SHOVE IT:
Spermatocele Hydrocele/ Haematocele Orchitis Varicocele Epidymal cyst Indirect inguinal hernia Torsion/ Tumor . ---Sushant Varma Medical student, University of Sheffield, UK |
|
Ovarian cancers: important types, by WHO
classification
|
|
· Surface:
"My Sister Began Experiencing Cancer": Mucinous Serous Brenner Endometrioid Clear · Germ cell: "Doctor Examined The Ovaries": Dysgerminoma Endometrial sinus Teratoma Ovarian choriocarcinoma · Sex cord: "She Felt Grim": Sertoli-Leydig Fibroma Granulosa-theca · Metastatic "Killed": Krukenberg . ---Edward Scarth Medical School, Univeristy of Nottingham |
|
Endometrial carcinoma: risk factors
|
|
Polycystic ovarian disease: clinical features
|
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OHIO:
Oligomenorrhea Hirsutism Infertility Obesity |
Skeletal
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Paget's disease of bone: signs and symptoms
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Four L's:
Larger hat size Loss of hearing: due to compression of nerve Leontiasis ossea (lion-like face) Light-headed (Paget's steal) . ---Marc Miller Sackler School of Medicine |
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Carcinomas having tendency to metastasize to bone
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"Particular Tumours Love Killing Bone":
Prostate Thyroid Lung Kidney Breast . ---Ben Campbell University of Otago Medical School, Dunedin, New Zealand |
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Rheumatoid arthritis: features
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RHEUMATOID:
Ragocytes/ Rheumatoid factor (anti-IgG) HLA-DR4/ HLA-Dw4 ESR increase/ Extra-articular features (restrictive lung disease, subcutaneous nodules) Ulnar deviation Morning stiffness/ MCP joint Ankylosis/ Atlantoaxial joint subluxation/ Autoimmune/ ANA T-cells (CD4)/ TNF Osteopenia Inflammatory synovial tissue/ Idiopathic/ IL-1 Deformities (swan-neck, boutonniere) . ---Rinku S. Uberoi UNIBE |
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Marble bone disease: signs and symptoms
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MARBLES:
Multiple fractures Anemia Restricted cranial nerves Blind & deaf Liver enlarged Erlenmeyer flask deformity Splenomegaly · Eponymous name: Marbles = Albers-Schonberg (anagram). . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
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Histiocytosis X: hallmark finding
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"Birbeck's rackets is X":
Tennis rackets under electron microscope is Histiocystosis X. Consider 2 tennis rackets in an X formation. · See diagram. . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
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Seronegative spondyloarthopathy: diseases
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RAPE:
Reiter's syndrome Ankylosing spondylitis Psoriatic arthitis Enteropathic arthitis (IBD) . ---Wen Sun Lum University of Calgary, Canada |
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Osteomalacia: features
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"Vit-D deficiency in ADULT":
Acetabuli protrusio Decresed bone density Under mineralization of osteoid Looser's zone (pseudofracture) Triradiate pelvis (females) . ---Dr. Harsh Sharma BJMC, Pune, India |
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Osteosarcoma: features
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PEARL HARBOR:
Paget's disease (10-20%)* Early age (10-20 yrs) Around knee Raised periosteum by expanding tumor: "sunburst pattern" Lace-like architecture Hyaline arteoriosclerosis Alkaline phosphatase increased Retinoblastoma* Boys, predominantly Osteomyelitis DDx Radiation* · Sunburst pattern was Japanese Navy emblem during WWII. *: Predisposing factors. . ---Sung H. Kim El Paso, TX |
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Osteomyelitis: complications
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FIBRES:
Fractures Intraosseous (broidie) abscesses Bacteremi/ Brodie abscess Reactive amyloidosis Endocarditis Sinus tracts/ Squamous cell CA |
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