Pharmacology pneumonic
Pharmacology
pneumonic
Hepatomegaly: 3 common causes,
3 rarer causes
|
Inflammatory Bowel Disease:
which has cobblestones
|
Crohn's has Cobblestones
on endoscopy.
. ---Anonymous Contributor |
PKU findings
|
PKU:
Pale hair, skin Krazy (neurological abnormalities) Unpleasant smell . ---Robert O'Connor and Lior Greenberg |
Haemochromatosis definition,
classic triad
|
"Iron man triathalon":
Iron man: deposition of iron in many body tissues. · Triathalon has 3 components, which match triad: Swimming: Skin pigmentation Biking: Bronze diabetes Marathon: Micronodular pigment cirrhosis · See diagram for visual equivalent. . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
Ulcerative colitis: features
|
ULCERATIONS:
Ulcers Large intestine Carcinoma [risk] Extraintestinal manifestations Remnants of old ulcers [pseudopolyps] Abscesses in crypts Toxic megacolon [risk] Inflamed, red, granular mucosa Originates at rectum Neutrophil invasion Stools bloody . ---Samuel Atom Baek-Kim |
Peptic ulcer: associated
causative factors
|
SHAZAM:
Smoking Hypercalcemia Aspirin Zollinger-Ellison Acidity MEN type I · These may work with H. pylori to promote ulceration, or may act alone. . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
Carcinoid syndrome: components
|
CARCinoid:
Cutaneous flushing Asthmatic wheezing Right sided valvular heart lesions Cramping and diarrhea . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
Gallstones/cholecystitis: risk
factors
|
Kwashiorkor: distinguishing
from Marasmus
|
Oral cancer risks
|
PATH LAB:
Plummer-vinson syndrome Alcohol Tobacco Human papilloma virus Leukoplakia Asbestos Bad oral hygiene |
Pancreatitis: causes
|
PANCREATITIS:
Posterior Alcohol Neoplasm Cholelithiasis Rx (lasix, AZT) ERCP Abdominal surgery Trauma Infection (mumps) Triglycerides elevated Idiopathic Scorpion bite . ---Anonymous Contributor |
Hepatocellular carcinoma: aetiology,
features
|
ABC:
Aetiology: Aflatoxins Hep B Cirrhosis · Features: AFP increased (classic marker) Bile-producing (DDx from cholangiocarcinoma) Commonest primary liver tumor . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
Pancreatitis: causes
|
BAD S#!T:
Biliary: gallstones, 1% of ERCP patients Alcoholism/ Azotemia Drugs Scorpion bite/ Sea anenome/ SLE Hyperlipidemia/ Hypercalcemia Idiopathic/ Infectious (mumps, coxsackie, salmonella, ascariasis) Tumor/ Trauma · The drugs are: penacillamine, furosemide, thiazides, ethacrynic acid, steroids, sulfas, ace inhibitors, N-SAIDs, erythromycin, estrogen. . ---Anonymous Contributor |
IBD: extraintestinal
manifestations
|
"Left intestine to sail
the SEAS of the rest of the body":
Skin manifestations: erythema nodosum, pyoderma gangrenosum Eye inflammation: iritis, episcleritis Arthritis Sclerosing cholangitis . ---Anonymous Contributor |
Achalasia: 1 possible cause, 1
treatment
|
aCHAlasia:
1 possible cause: CHAgas' disease 1 treatment: Ca++ CHAnnel blockers . ---Anonymous Contributor |
Colon cancer: risk factors
|
HULA:
Heridity/ Heriditary diseases Ulcerative colitis Low fibre, high fat diet Adenomatous polyps . ---Anonymous Contributor |
Colon carcinoma: aeitiology
|
CRAPS:
Chronic ulcerative colitis Ratio of animal fat:fibre diet Adenomatous polyps Familial Polyposis Strong family history of colon cancer. . |
Takayasu's disease is Pulseless
disease
|
"Can't Tak'a ya pulse"
(Can't take your pulse):
Takayasu's disease known as Pulseless disease, since pulse is weakened in the upper extremities. . ---Anonymous Contributor |
Acute ischemia: signs
[especially limbs]
|
6 P's:
Pain Pallor Pulselessness Paralysis Paraesthesia Perishingly cold . ---Shebrain Cairo University |
Hypertension: secondary
hypertension causes
|
CHAPS:
Cushing's syndrome Hyperaldosteronism [aka Conn's syndrome] Aorta coarctation Phaeochromocytoma Stenosis of renal arteries · Note: only 5% of hypertension cases are secondary, rest are primary. . ---Anonymous Contributor |
MI: sequence of elevated
enzymes after MI
|
"C-AST-Le" (castle):
CK-MB first AST second LDH third · Also: can use the last 'E' for ESR. . ---Anonymous Contributor |
Atherosclerosis risk factors
|
"You're a SAD BET with
these risk factors":
Sex: male Age: middle-aged, elderly Diabetes mellitus BP high: hypertension Elevated cholesterol Tobacco . ---HBV Morehouse School of Medicine |
Atherosclerosis risk factors
|
SHIFT MAID:
Smoking Hypertension (N)IDDM Family history Triglycerdides & fats Male Age Inactivity Diet / Drink . ---Marcus McMillan Glasgow University |
Thrombus: possible fates
|
DOPE:
Dissolution Organization & repair Propagation Embolization . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
MI: sequence of elevated
enzymes after MI
|
"Time to CALL
911":
· From first to appear to last: Troponin CK-MB AST LDH1 . ---Marco Foramiglio Centro de Ciências Médicas e Biológicas - PUC/SP- Sorocaba/SP - Brazil |
Blood disorders: commoner sex
|
HE (male) gets:
HEmophilia (X-linked) HEinz bodies (G6PD deficiency, causing HEmolytic anemia: X-linked) HEmochromatosis (male predominance) HEart attacks (male predominance) HEnoch-Schonlein purpura (male predominance) SHE (female) gets: SHEehan's syndrome . ---Anonymous Contributor |
Deep venous thrombosis: genetic
causes
|
ALASCA:
Antithrombin III Leiden (Factor V) APC (Activated Protein C) S-protein deficiency C-protein deficiency Antiphospholipid antibody |
Buerger's disease features
|
"burger SCRAPS":
Segmenting thrombosing vasculitis Claudication (intermittent) Raynaud's phenomenon Associated with smoking Pain, even at rest Superficial nodular phlebitis · Alternatively, if hungry for more detail [sic], "CRISP PIG burgers": Chronic ulceration Raynaud's phenomenon Intermittent claudication Segmenting, thrombosing vasculitis Pain, even at rest Phlebitis (superficial nodular) Idiopathic Gangrene . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
Deep venous thrombosis:
diagnosis
|
DVT:
Dilated superficial veins/ Discoloration/ Doppler ultrasound Venography is gold standard Tenderness of Thigh and calf . ---Rinku Uberoi UNIBE |
Virchow's triad (venous
thrombosis)
|
"VIRchow":
Vascular trauma Increased coagulability Reduced blood flow (stasis) . ---Rinku Uberoi UNIBE |
Kawasaki disease: features
|
Disease name: a Kawasaki
motorcycle.
Usually young children, epidemic in Japan: Japanese child rides the motorcycle. Conjunctival, oral erythema: red eyes, mouth. Fever: thermometer. Erythema of palms, soles: red palms, soles. Generalized rash: rash dots. Cervical lymphadenitis: enlarged cervical nodes with inflammation arrows. Vasculitis of arteries: inflammation arrows on arteries. Cardiovascular sequelae [20%]: inflammation arrows on cardiac arteries. Treat with aspirin: aspirin headlight. · See diagram. . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
Von Hippel-Lindau: signs and
symptoms
|
HIPPEL:
Hemanigoblastomas Increased renal cancer Pheochromocytoma Port-wine stains Eye dysfunction Liver, pancreas, kidney cysts · Bare bones version: Hippel-Lindau, with H and L as above. . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
Heart failure causes
|
"HEART MAy DIE":
Hypertension Embolism Anemia Rheumatic heart disease Thyrotoxicosis (incl. pregnancy) Myocardial infarct Arrythmia Y Diet & lifestyle Infection Endocarditis . ---The Cashman University of Queensland, Australia |
Anemia causes (simplified)
|
ANEMIA:
Anemia of chronic disease No folate or B12 Ethanol Marrow failure & hemaglobinopathies Iron deficient Acute & chronic blood loss . ---The Cashman University of Queensland, Australia |
Pick's disease: location,
action, epidemiology
|
· See figure.
Pick axes are Picking away at the old woman's cerebral cortex, causing cortical atrophy. 2 pick axes on her brain: frontal lobe and anterior 1/3 of temporal. An old woman, since epidemiology is elderly & more common in women. . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
Pericarditis: findings
|
PERICarditis:
Pulsus paradoxus ECG changes Rub Increased JVP Chest pain [worse on inspiration, better when lean forward] . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
Fat embolism: findings
|
"Fat, Bat, Fract":
Fat in urine, sputum Bat-wing lung x-ray Fracture history · Also, fracture of FEMur causes Fat EMboli. . |
Hemolytic anemia types
|
SHEEP T!T:
Sickle cell Heriditary splenocytosis Enzyme deficiencies: [G6P, pyruvate kinase] Erythroblastosis fetalis Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria Trauma to RBCs Immunohemolytics: [warm Ab, cold Ag] Thalassemias: [alpha, beta] . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
Disseminated Intravascular
Cogulation: causes
|
DIC:
Delivery TEAR (obstetric complications) Infections (gram negative)/ Immunological Cancer (prostate, pancreas, lung, stomach) · Obstretrical complications are TEAR: Toxemia of pregnancy Emboli (amniotic) Abrutio placentae Retain fetus products . ---Khawaja Atif Farooq Rawalpindi Medical College, Islamabad, Pakistan (Gujranwala) |
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic
purpura: signs
|
FAT RN:
Fever Anemia Thrombocytopenia Renal problems Neurologic dysfunction . ---Anonymous Contributor |
Kawasaki disease: diagnostic
criteria
|
CHILD:
5 letters=5 days, >5 years old, 5 out 6 criteria for diagnosis: Conjuctivitis (bilateral) Hyperthermia (fever) >5 days Idiopathic polymorphic rash Lymphoadenopathy (cervical) Dryness & redness of (i)lips & month (ii)palms & soles [2 separate criteria] . ---Wen Sun Lum University of Calgary, Canada |
Protein C, Protein S: function
|
C and S are:
Clot Stoppers · These proteins inhibit coagulation. . ---Rinku Uberoi New York Hospital |
Aneurysm types
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MAD SCAB:
Mycotic Atherosclerotic Dissecting Syphilitic Capillary microaneurysm Arteriovenous fistula Berry . ---Sushant Varma Medical student, University of Sheffield, UK |
Kawasaki's disease: features
|
FEAR ME:
Fever Eye: perilimbic sparing conjunctival injection Adenopathy: usually cervical Rash Mouth: red lips Extremities: red hands and feet · Disease to be feared because of risk of coronary aneurysms. . ---Vince Yamashiroya |
MI: complications
|
"LEAP on the MAP":
LVF Embolism (systemic) Aneurysm (ventricular) Progressive infarction Myocardial rupture Arrhythmia Pericarditis . ---Kevin Lau University of Hong Kong |
Portal hypertension: features
|
ABCDE:
Ascites Bleeding (haematemesis, piles) Caput medusae Diminished liver Enlarged spleen . ---Dr. Harsh Sharma |
Anemia (normocytic): causes
|
ABCD:
Acute blood loss Bone marrow failure Chronic disease Destruction (hemolysis) . ---Anthony Chan |
TTP: clinical features
|
Thrombosis and
thrombocytopenia PARTNER together:
Platelet count low Anemia (microangiopathic hemolytic) Renal failure Temperature rise Neurological deficits ER admission (as it is an emergency) . ---Anthony Chan |
Macrocytic anaemia:
differential
|
FAT RBC:
Fetus (pregnancy) Alcohol Thyroid disease(ie hypothyroidism) Reticulocytosis B12 and folate deficiency Cirrhosis and chronic liver disease . ---Anonymous Contributor |
MI: post-MI complications
|
ACT RAPID:
Arrhythmias (SVT, VT, VF) Congestive cardiac failure Tamponade/ Thromboembolic disorders Rupture (ventricle, septum, papillary muscle) Aneurysm (ventricle) Pericarditis Infaction (a second one) Death/ Dressler's syndrome . ---Dr. Huw Davies |
Cardiovascular risk factors
|
FLASH BODIES:
Family history Lipids Age Sex Homocystinaemia Blood pressure Obesity Diabetes mellitus Inflammation (raised CRP)/ Increased thrombosis Exercise Smoking . ---Hamish Mace Dunedin School of Medicine, New Zealand |
Cardiovascular risk factors
(Framingham)
|
FRAMINGHAM:
Family history Running (exercise) Adiposity (obesity) Marlboros (tobacco) Insulin resistance (diabetes) Non-regulated lipids (dyslipidaemia) Georgie Pie (high fat diet) Hypertension Age Male |
Endocrine
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia
(MEN) subtype classification
|
Each subtype has 2 or 3 causes,
plus something 1 or 2 more items.
MEN I is disease of 3 P's: [Pituitary, Parathyroid, Pancreas] plus one more: adrenal cortex. MEN II is disease of 2 C's: [Carcinoma of thyroid, Catacholamines (pheochromocytoma)] plus two more: parathyroid for MEN IIa or mucocutaneous neuromas for MEN IIB (also called MEN III). . ---Anonymous Contributor |
Hypercalcemia: symptoms of
elevated serum levels
|
"Bones, Stones, Groans, Moans":
Bones: pain in bones Stones: renal Groans: pain Psychic moans/ Psychological overtones: confused state . ---Anonymous Contributor |
Pheochromocytoma: 3 most common
symptoms
|
"PHEochromocytoma":
Palpitations Headache Edisodic sweating (diaphoresis) . ---Anonymous Contributor |
Thyroid carcinoma: features,
prognosis of most popular
|
Most Popular is Papillary.
· Clinical features: Papillae (branching) Palpable lymph nodes "Pupil" nuclei (Orphan Annie) Psammoma bodies within lesion (often) · Also, has a Positive Prognosis (10 year survival rate: 98%). . ---Anonymous Contributor |
Thyroid storm characteristics
|
"Storm HITS girls cAMP":
Thyroid storm due to: Hyperthyroidism Infection or Illness at childbirth Trauma Surgery · girls: Thyroid storm more common in females. · cAMP: Tx involves high dose of beta blockers (beta receptors work via cAMP) · Alternatively: "S#IT storm": Surgery, Hyperthyroidism, Infection/ Illness, Trauma. . ---Sung H. Kim & Lior Greenberg |
Hypothyroidism/thyroiditis:
maifestations and morphology
|
"A SCHISM among the
Axis during WWII":
Addison disease Subacute thyroiditis Cretinism/ Cold intolerance/ Constipation Hashimoto's disease Infectious-subacute thyroiditis Silent thyroiditis Myxedema coma · The Axis: Schimidt syndrome (when other endocrinology disorders accompany Hashimoto's disease) and "Hitler cells" (Hurthle cells, which are follicular epithelial cells with basophilic inculsions) . ---Sung H. Kim |
Cushing syndrome
|
CUSHING:
Central obesity/ Cervical fat pads/ Collagen fiber weakness/ Comedones (acne) Urinary free corisol and glucose increase Striae/ Suppressed immunity Hypercortisolism/ Hypertension/ Hyperglycemia/ Hirsutism Iatrogenic (Increased administration of corticosteroids) Noniatrogenic (Neoplasms) Glucose intolerance/ Growth retardation . ---Rinku Uberoi |
Calcification: metastatic vs.
dystrophic
|
MEN I (Multiple Endocrine
Neoplasia) syndrome: components
|
"Please Please Pay Attention To peptic
ulceration, you worms":
· Adenomas of: Pituatary Pancreatic islets Parathyroid Adrenal cortex Thyroid, associated with peptic ulceration · Syndrome is called "Wermer's syndrome". . ---Anonymous Contributor |
Addison's disease: features
|
ADDISON:
Autoimmune DIC (meningcoccus) Destruction by cancer, infection, vascular insufficiency Iatrogenic Sarcoidosis, granulomatous such as TB histiomycosis hypOtension/ hypOnatermia Nelson's syndrome [post adrelectomy, increased ACTH] |
Multiple endocrine neoplasia
III: components
|
MEN III is a disease
of 3 M's:
Medullary thyroid carcinoma Medulla of adrenal (pheochromocytoma) Mucosal neuroma . ---Anonymous Contributor |
Thyrotoxicosis syndrome: signs
and symptoms
|
"A Penny For Every Symptom That Hyperthyroidism Will Make Grossly Evident":
Anxiety Palpitations/ Pulse rapid Fatigability Emotional lability Sweating Tremor Heat intolerance Weight loss with good appetite Muscular weakness/ Menstrual changes Goitre Eye changes . ---Daniel Clarke University of Queensland |
Goitre: differential
|
GOITRE:
Goitrogens Onset of puberty Iodine deficiency Thyrotoxicosis/ Tumor/ Thyroiditis [Hashimoto's] Reproduction [pregnancy] Enzyme deficiencies . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
Adrenal disorders: Cushing's vs
Addison's
|
Cushing: is Gushing cortisol.
In Addison's: patient's cortisol doesn't Add up. . ---Anonymous Contributor |
Pheochromocytoma: common
symptoms
|
5 P's:
Paroxysmal rise in BP Palpitations Perspiration Pain in abdomen PMV in urine . ---Malik Tariq Rahim King Edward Medical College, Pakistan |
Phaeochromocytoma: diagnositc
rule
|
· Rule of 10's:
10% ectopic 10% multiple 10% malignant . ---Anonymous Contributor University of Sydney, Australia |
Hirsutism vs. virilism
|
Hirsutism: Hair on body
like a male.
Virilism: Voice and rest of secondary sexual characteristics like a male. . ---Anonymous Contributor |
Thyroid carcinoma: frequency
|
"Please Feel My A$$":
In order of most frequent to least frequent, and in order from least aggressive to most aggressive: Papillary carcinoma Follicular carcinoma Medullary thyroid carcinoma Anaplastic carcinoma . ---Medicine 2004 student University of Western Ontario |
Diabetes: short list of
complications
|
SHAKE:
Stroke Heart attack Amputations Kidney disease Eyes (vision loss) |
Lichen planus characteristics
|
Diabetic ketoacidosis: I vs. II
|
Baldness risk factors
|
"Daddy Doesn't Deny Getting Hair Implants":
Diet Disease Drugs Genes Hormones Injury to the scalp . ---Anonymous Contributor |
Melanoma vs. basal cell,
squamous cell carcinoma: metastatic ability
|
MElanoma is more likely to
MEtastasize. · Basal and squamous hardly ever metastasize. . ---Anonymous Contributor |
Gout: factors that can
precipitate an attack of acute gouty arthritis
|
DARK:
Diuretics Alcohol Renal disease Kicked (trauma) · And, the attack occurs most often at night [thus "dark"]. . ---Marc Miller Sackler School of Medicine |
Renal failure: causes
|
AVID GUT:
Acute tubular necrosis Vascular obstruction Infection Diffuse intravascular coagulation Glomerular disease Urinary obstruction Tubulointerstitial nephritis . ---Daniel Clarke University of Queensland |
Calculi: types
|
CAlCUli:
Calcium Ammonium magnesium phosphate Cystine Uric acid . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
Gout vs. pseudogout: crystal
lab findings
|
Pseduogout crystals are:
Positive birefringent Polygon shaped · Gout therefore is the negative needle shaped crystals. · Also, gout classically strikes great Toe, and its hallmark is Tophi. . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
APKD: signs, complications,
accelerators
|
11 B's:
· Signs: Bloody urine Bilateral pain [vs. stones, which are usually unilateral pain] Blood pressure up Bigger kidneys Bumps palpable · Complications: Berry aneurysm Biliary cysts Bicuspid valve [prolapse and other problems] · Accelerators: Boys Blacks Blood pressure high . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
Barter's syndrome:
pathogenesis, major sign
|
Barter: "In exchange for
giving away Na+,K+,Cl-, you can drop the blood pressure".
. ---Samuel Atom Baek-Kim Tuckahoe, New York |
Renal failure (chronic):
consequences
|
ABCDEFG:
Anemia -due to less EPO Bone alterations -osteomalacia -osteoporosis -von Recklinghausen Cardiopulmonary -atherosclerosis -CHF -hypertension -pericarditis D vitamin loss Electrolyte imbalance -sodium loss/gain -metabolic acidosis -hyperkalemia Feverous infections -due to leukocyte abnormalities and dialysis hazards GI disturbances -haemorrhagic gastritis -peptic ulcer disease -intractable hiccups . ---Plussind Siriraj Medical University, Thailand |
Nephrotic syndrome: hallmark
findings
|
"Protein LEAC":
Proteinuria Lipid up Edema Albumin down Cholesterol up · In nephrotic, the proteins leak out. . ---Anonymous Contributor |
Gout: major features
|
GOUT:
Great toe One joint (75% monoarticular) Uric acid increased (hence urolithiasis) Tophi . ---Dr. Harsh Sharma BJ Medical College |
Hematuria: urethral causes
|
Gout: factors that can
precipitate an attack of acute gouty arthritis
|
DARK:
Diuretics Alcohol Renal disease Kicked (trauma) · And, the attack occurs most often at night [thus "dark"]. . ---Marc Miller Sackler School of Medicine |
Renal failure: causes
|
AVID GUT:
Acute tubular necrosis Vascular obstruction Infection Diffuse intravascular coagulation Glomerular disease Urinary obstruction Tubulointerstitial nephritis . ---Daniel Clarke University of Queensland |
Calculi: types
|
CAlCUli:
Calcium Ammonium magnesium phosphate Cystine Uric acid . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
Gout vs. pseudogout: crystal
lab findings
|
Pseduogout crystals are:
Positive birefringent Polygon shaped · Gout therefore is the negative needle shaped crystals. · Also, gout classically strikes great Toe, and its hallmark is Tophi. . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
APKD: signs, complications,
accelerators
|
11 B's:
· Signs: Bloody urine Bilateral pain [vs. stones, which are usually unilateral pain] Blood pressure up Bigger kidneys Bumps palpable · Complications: Berry aneurysm Biliary cysts Bicuspid valve [prolapse and other problems] · Accelerators: Boys Blacks Blood pressure high . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
Barter's syndrome:
pathogenesis, major sign
|
Barter: "In exchange for
giving away Na+,K+,Cl-, you can drop the blood pressure".
. ---Samuel Atom Baek-Kim Tuckahoe, New York |
Renal failure (chronic):
consequences
|
ABCDEFG:
Anemia -due to less EPO Bone alterations -osteomalacia -osteoporosis -von Recklinghausen Cardiopulmonary -atherosclerosis -CHF -hypertension -pericarditis D vitamin loss Electrolyte imbalance -sodium loss/gain -metabolic acidosis -hyperkalemia Feverous infections -due to leukocyte abnormalities and dialysis hazards GI disturbances -haemorrhagic gastritis -peptic ulcer disease -intractable hiccups . ---Plussind Siriraj Medical University, Thailand |
Nephrotic syndrome: hallmark
findings
|
"Protein LEAC":
Proteinuria Lipid up Edema Albumin down Cholesterol up · In nephrotic, the proteins leak out. . ---Anonymous Contributor |
Gout: major features
|
GOUT:
Great toe One joint (75% monoarticular) Uric acid increased (hence urolithiasis) Tophi . ---Dr. Harsh Sharma BJ Medical College |
Hematuria: urethral causes
|
Hodgkin's lymphoma
classification
|
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome:
symptom triad
|
"PET WASP":
Pyrogenic infections Eczema Thrombocytopenia · WASP is the name of the causitive agent: Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein. · Alternatively: Wiskott=Hot, Aldrich=Itch, Syndrom=Throm. . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
Sarcoidosis summarized
|
SARCOIDOISIS:
Schaumann calcifications Asteroid bodies/ [ACE] increase/ Anergy Respiratory complications/ Renal calculi/ Restrictive lung disease/ Restrictive cardiomyopathy Calcium increase in serum and urine/ CD4 helper cells Ocular lesions Immune mediated noncaseating granulomas/ [Ig] increase Diabetes insipidus/ [D vit.] increase/ Dyspnea Osteopathy Skin (Subcutaneous nodules, erythema nodosum) Interstitial lung fibrosis/ IL-1 Seventh CN palsy . ---Rinku Uberoi UNIBE |
Apoptosis vs. necrosis
|
"LIFELESS" (since
cells are dead):
· Differences are in: Leaky membranes Inflammatory response Fate Extent Laddering Energy dependent Swell or shrink Stimulus · See attached table for apoptosis and necrosis properties for each of the above. . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
Leukemias: acute vs. chronic
rules of thumb
|
ABCDE:
Acute is: Blasts predominate Children Drastic course Elderly Few WBC's (so Fevers) · Chronic is all the opposites: Mature cells predominate Middle aged Less debilitating course Elevated WBC's, so not a history of fevers and infections . ---Anonymous Contributor |
Hypersplenism: criteria
|
"Hyper Splenism Ravages Cells":
Hypercellular or normal marrow Splenomegaly Response to splenectomy Cytopenias . ---Dr. Harsh Sharma BJMC, Pune, India |
Anemia: TIBC finding to
differentiate iron deficiency vs. chronic disease
|
TIBC levels at the:
Top=Iron deficiency. Bottom=Chronic disease. . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
Microcytic anemia: causes
|
"Find Those Small Cells":
Fe deficiency Thalassemia Sideroblastic Chronic disease . ---K. Dang University of Toronto |
Megaloblastic anemia: vitamin
B12 deficiency vs. folate deficiency
|
Vitamin B12 deficiency
also affects Brain (optic neuropathy, subacute combined degeneration,
paresthesia).
· Folate deficiency is not associated with neurological symptoms. . ---Glen Davis Cornell University Medical College |
Symptoms of TTP/HUS
|
"Nasty Fever Ruined My Tubes":
Neurological symptoms Fever Renal failure Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia Thrombocytopenia |
Hemophilia: type A factor
|
Hemophilia A: problems
with VIII factor (number V as an inverted A).
. ---Julio M. De Peña, M.D. UNIBE Med School |
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome:
symptom triad
|
WASTER:
Wiskott Aldrich Syndrome is: Thrombocytopenia Eczema Recurrent staphlococcal infections . ---Anonymous Contributor |
Macrocytosis: Non-B12/folate
causes
|
ALPHA NERD:
Alcohol Liver disease Pregnancy Hemaolysis (especially chronic) Agglutination Neoplasia (including myelodysplasia) Endocrine (hypothyroidism) Reticulocytes Drugs (especially myelosuppressives like chemotherapy, anti-HIV meds) . ---Steve |
Duchenne vs. Becker Muscular
Dystrophy
|
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
(DMD) : Doesn't Make Dystrophin.
Becker Muscular Dystrophy (BMD): Badly Made Dystrophin (a truncated protein). . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
McArdle's syndrome
|
MCARDLES:
Myoglobinuria Cramping after exercise Accumulated glycogen Recessive inheritance Deficiency of muscle phosphorylase Lactate levels fail to rise Elevated creatine kinase Skeletal muscle only |
Nervous system
Wernicke-Korsakoff triad
|
Syndrome in alchoholics, who
love to "drink CANs of beer":
Confusion Ataxia Nystagmus . ---Victor R. Carrion Zamoira Ponce School of Medicine |
Wernicke-Korsakoff's psychosis:
findings
|
COAT RACK:
· Wernicke's encephalopathy (acute phase): Confusion Ophthalmoplegia Ataxia Thiamine tx. · Korsakoff's psychosis (chronic phase): Retrograde amnesia Anterograde amnesia Confabulation Korsakoff's psychosis . ---HBV Morehouse School of Medicine |
Parkinsonism: essential
features
|
TRAPS:
Tremor (resting tremor) Rigidity Akinesia Postural changes (stooped) Stare (serpentine stare) · To remember what kind of tremor and postural change, can look at letter that follows in TRAPS: Tremor is Resting, Posture is Stooped. . ---Anonymous Contributor |
Tabes Dorsalis morphology
|
DORSALIS:
Dorsal column degeneration Orthopedic pain (Charcot joints) Reflexes decreased (deep tendon) Shooting pain Argyll-Robertson pupils Locomotor ataxia Impaired proprioception Syphilis . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
Pyrogenic meningitis: likeliest
bug in age group
|
"Explaining Hot Neck Stiffness":
· In order from birth to death: E. coli [infants] Haemophilus influenzae [older infants, kids] Neisseria meningitis [young adults] Streptococcus pneumoniae [old folks] . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
Parkinson's disease: symptoms
|
PQRST:
Paucity of expression parQinson Rigidity (cogwheel) Stooped posture Tremor at rest · If can't remember that Parkinson's tremor is the one that is "resting tremor", look at the last 3 letters: RST. . ---Mitul SUNY, Stony Brook |
Neuroblastoma: features
|
N-MYC:
Nuclei have "double minutes" Malignant Young Catecholamine secreting · And hallmark is n-myc amplification. . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
Lou Gehrig's is both upper and
lower motor neuron signs
|
Dandy-Walker syndrome:
components
|
"Dandy Walker Syndrome":
Dilated 4th ventricle Water on the brain Small vermis . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
Cerebral palsy: general
features
|
Multiple sclerosis (MS):
pathology
|
MS attacks the Myelin Sheath,
resulting in plaques.
. ---Lior Greenberg Technion Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel |
Alzheimer's disease: features
|
RONALD (Ronald Reagan, a
famous victim):
Reduction of Ach Old age Neurofibrillary tangles Atrophy of cerebral cortex (diffuse) Language impairment Dementia (MC in elderly)/ Down's syndrome . ---Dr. Harsh Sharma BJMC, Pune, India |
Pick's disease: features
|
PICK:
Progressive degeneration of neurons Intracytoplasmic Pick bodies Cortical atrophy Knife edge gyri . ---Dr. Atif Farooq Khawaja Rawalpindi Medical College, Pakistan |
Alzheimer's disease (AD):
associations, findings
|
AD:
· Associations: Aluminum toxicity Acetylcholine deficiencies Amyloid B Apolipoprotein gene E Altered nucleus basalis of Meynert Down's · Findings: Actin inclusions (Hirano bodies) Atrophy of brain Amyloid plaques Aphasia, Apraxia, Agitation DNA-coiled tangles Dementia, Disoriented, Depressed . ---Dr. Atif Farooq Khawaja Rawalpindi Medical College, Gujranwala, Pakistan |
Wernickes encephalopathy:
components
|
WACO:
· Wernickes is: Ataxia Confusion (or clouded consciousness) Ocular problems · Note: Waco is the town in Texas, USA made famous for a standoff with a David Koresh and the Branch Davidians. . |
Other
Necrosis: the 4 types
|
"Life Can Get Complicated":
Liquifactive Coagulation Gangrene Caseous · 'Life' used since necrosis is 'death'. . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
Turner syndrome: components
|
CLOWNS:
Cardiac abnormalities (specifically Coartication) Lymphoedema Ovaries underdeveloped (causing sterility, amenorrhea) Webbed neck Nipples widely spaced Short . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
Fragile-X syndrome: features
|
DSM-4:
Discontinued chromosome staining Shows anticipation Male (male more affected) Mental retardation (2nd most common genetic cause) Macrognathia Macroorchidism . ---Hugo M. Rodriguez, MD University of Virginia Roanoke-Salem Program |
Whipple's disease: full features
|
WHIPPLES:
Weight loss Hyperpigmentation of skin Infection with tropheryma whippelii PAS positive granules in macrophage Polyarthritis Lymphadenopathy Enteric involvement Steatorrhea . ---Dr. Atif Farooq Khawaja Rawalpindi Medical College, Pakistan |
CREST sydrome: components
|
CREST:
Calcinosis Raynaud's phenomena Esophageal dysmotility Sclerodactyly Telangectasia . ---Andrew J. Vasil University of Minn Medical School |
Edwards' syndrome:
characteristics
|
EDWARDS:
Eighteen (trisomy) Digit overlapping flexion Wide head Absent intellect (mentally retarded) Rocker-bottom feet Diseased heart Small lower jaw . ---Monika Kiripolsky Vanderbilt University School of Medicine |
Fragile X syndrome: features
|
FEMALES
FMR1 gene Exhibits anticpation Macro-orchidism Autism Long face with large jaw Everted eyes Second most common casue of genetic mental retardation . ---Sung Hoon Kim El Paso, TX |
Kawasaki Disease Criteria
|
"Be careful when riding
a Kawasaki motorcycle, you might get CREAMed.
Conjunctivitis (non-exudative) Rash (polymorphous non-vesicular) Edema (or erythema of hands or feet) Adenopathy (cervical, often unilateral) Mucosal involvement (erythema or fissures or crusting) To have Kawasaki disease you must have fever for greater than 5 days plus 4 of the above. . ---Eric J Ex |
Neurofibromatoses: chromosome
mutation locations in von Reckinghausen (type I) vs. type II
|
"von Recklinghausen"
has 17 letters and is due to a mutation on chromosome 17.
"Neurofibromatosis type 2" has 22 and is due to a mutation on chromosome 22. . ---Anonymous Contributor UAG |
Pulmonary
Pulmonary embolism: risk
factors
|
TOM SCHREPFER:
Trauma Obesity Malignancy Surgery Cardiac disease Hospitalization Rest [bed-ridden] Elderly Past history Fracture Estrogen [pregnancy, post-partum] Road trip . ---Anonymous Contributor |
Respiratory distress syndrome
in infants: major risk factors
|
PCD (Primary Ciliary
Dyskinesia, a cause of Respiratory distress syndrome):
Prematurity Cesarean section Diabetic mother . ---Shebrain Cairo University |
Emphysema: types, most important
feature of each
|
"Cigarettes Is Primary Problem":
· Types: Centrilobular Irregular Pancinar Paraseptal · Most important feature for each type (in order as above): Cigarrettes Inflammation healed to scar Protease inhibitor deficiency (a1-antitrypsin) Pneumothorax · "Cigarettes is primary problem" used since cigarettes is most common cause of emphysema. · Keeping P's straight: Pan is antitrypsin. . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
COPD: 4 types and hallmark
|
ABCDE:
Asthma Brochiectasis Chronic bronchitis Dyspnea [hallmark of group] Emphysema · Alternatively: replace Dyspnea with Decreased FEV1/FVC ratio. . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
Lung cancer: presentation
|
ABCDE:
Snowball turned to Avalanche Blood: hemoptysis Cough Distruption to airway in bronchus-->pneumonia whEEzing . ---Samuel Atom Baek-Kim |
Interstitial lung disease:
causes
|
SARCOIDI:
Sarcoidosis Allergic reaction Radiation Connective tissue disease Occupational exposure Infection Drugs Idiopathic . ---Will Herrington UCL Hospital |
Bronchial obstruction:
consequences
|
APPLE BABE:
Atelectasis Pleural adhesions Pleuritis Lipid pneumonia Effusion->organisation->fibrosis Bronchiectasis Abscess Broncho and lobar pneumonia Emphysema . ---BB University of Queensland, Australia |
Nasopharyngeal malignant
cancers
|
NASOPharyngeal:
Nasophayngeal Adenocarcinoma Squamous cell carcinoma Olfactory neuroblastoma Plasmacytoma . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
TB: features
|
TB is characterised by 4 C's:
Caseation Calcification Cavitation Cicatrization . ---Sameh Shehata Asst. Prof of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alexandria, Egypt |
Pancoast tumor: relationship
with Horner's syndrome
|
"Horner has a MAP of
the Coast":
A panCoast tumor is a cancer of the lung apex that compresses the cervical sympathetic plexus, causing Horner's syndrome, which is MAP: Miosis Anhidrosis Ptosis |
Pulmonary fibrosis:
differential of both upper and lower lobes
|
BREAST SCAR:
· Upper lobe: Beryliosis Radiation Extrinsic allergic alveolitis Ankylosing spondylitis Sarcoidosis TB · Lower lobe: Systemic sclerosis Cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis Asbestosis Radiation . ---Lyndon Mason 4th Year Medical Student |
Pulmonary embolism: risk
factors
|
7 H's:
Hereditary (eg factor V Leyden, protein C or S deficiency) History (previous DVT or PE) Hypomobility (fracture, CVA, severe illness, obesity, long trip) Hypovolaemia (nephrotic syndrome, dehydration) Hypercoagulability (smoking, malignancy) Hormones (oestrogens [esp. in OCP], puerperium) Hyperhomocysteinaemia . ---Fahed Al-Daour Med Student |
Pneumothorax: presentation
|
P-THORAX:
Pleuretic pain Trachea deviation Hyperresonance Onset sudden Reduced breath sounds (& dypsnea) Absent fremitus X-ray shows collapse . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
COPD: blue bloater vs. pink
puffer diseases
|
emPhysema has letter P (and
not B) so Pink Puffer.
chronic Bronchitis has letter B (and not P) so Blue Bloater. . ---Harsh Sharma BJMC, Pune, India |
Adult Respiratory Distress
Syndrome (ARDS): causes
|
ARDS:
Aspiration/ Acute pancreatitis/ Air embolism/ Amniotic embolism Radiation DIC/ Drugs/ Drowning/ Dialysis/ Diffuse lung infection Shock/ Sepsis/ Smoke inhalation . |
Reproductive
Breast cancer: risk assessment
|
"Risk can be assessed
by History ALONE":
History (family, previous episode) Abortion/ Age (old) Late menopause Obesity Nulliparity Early menarche . ---Lau Yue Young Geoffrey Hong Kong University |
Endometrial carcinoma: risk
factors
|
ENDOMET:
Elderly Nulliparity Diabetes Obesity Menstrual irregularity Estrogen therapy hyperTension . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
Polycystic ovary: morphology,
presentation
|
· Morphology is poly-C:
Cysts Capsule thickened Cortical stromal fibrosis · Clinical presentation is OVARY: Obese Virilism or hirsutism Amenorrhoea Reproductive problem [infertile] Young woman . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
Herpes I and II: lab findings.
|
She's an odd chick: whenever
she's in a restaurant, she always orders Her Peas and Cowdry.
Herpes I and II have Cowdry Type A inclusion bodies . ---Lior Greenberg Technion Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel |
Gynecomastia: causes
|
Scrotum masses
|
SHOVE IT:
Spermatocele Hydrocele/ Haematocele Orchitis Varicocele Epidymal cyst Indirect inguinal hernia Torsion/ Tumor . ---Sushant Varma Medical student, University of Sheffield, UK |
Ovarian cancers: important
types, by WHO classification
|
· Surface:
"My Sister Began Experiencing Cancer": Mucinous Serous Brenner Endometrioid Clear · Germ cell: "Doctor Examined The Ovaries": Dysgerminoma Endometrial sinus Teratoma Ovarian choriocarcinoma · Sex cord: "She Felt Grim": Sertoli-Leydig Fibroma Granulosa-theca · Metastatic "Killed": Krukenberg . ---Edward Scarth Medical School, Univeristy of Nottingham |
Endometrial carcinoma: risk
factors
|
Polycystic ovarian disease:
clinical features
|
OHIO:
Oligomenorrhea Hirsutism Infertility Obesity |
Skeletal
Paget's disease of bone: signs
and symptoms
|
Four L's:
Larger hat size Loss of hearing: due to compression of nerve Leontiasis ossea (lion-like face) Light-headed (Paget's steal) . ---Marc Miller Sackler School of Medicine |
Carcinomas having tendency to
metastasize to bone
|
"Particular Tumours Love Killing Bone":
Prostate Thyroid Lung Kidney Breast . ---Ben Campbell University of Otago Medical School, Dunedin, New Zealand |
Rheumatoid arthritis: features
|
RHEUMATOID:
Ragocytes/ Rheumatoid factor (anti-IgG) HLA-DR4/ HLA-Dw4 ESR increase/ Extra-articular features (restrictive lung disease, subcutaneous nodules) Ulnar deviation Morning stiffness/ MCP joint Ankylosis/ Atlantoaxial joint subluxation/ Autoimmune/ ANA T-cells (CD4)/ TNF Osteopenia Inflammatory synovial tissue/ Idiopathic/ IL-1 Deformities (swan-neck, boutonniere) . ---Rinku S. Uberoi UNIBE |
Marble bone disease: signs and
symptoms
|
MARBLES:
Multiple fractures Anemia Restricted cranial nerves Blind & deaf Liver enlarged Erlenmeyer flask deformity Splenomegaly · Eponymous name: Marbles = Albers-Schonberg (anagram). . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
Histiocytosis X: hallmark
finding
|
"Birbeck's rackets
is X":
Tennis rackets under electron microscope is Histiocystosis X. Consider 2 tennis rackets in an X formation. · See diagram. . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
Seronegative
spondyloarthopathy: diseases
|
RAPE:
Reiter's syndrome Ankylosing spondylitis Psoriatic arthitis Enteropathic arthitis (IBD) . ---Wen Sun Lum University of Calgary, Canada |
Osteomalacia: features
|
"Vit-D deficiency in ADULT":
Acetabuli protrusio Decresed bone density Under mineralization of osteoid Looser's zone (pseudofracture) Triradiate pelvis (females) . ---Dr. Harsh Sharma BJMC, Pune, India |
Osteosarcoma: features
|
PEARL HARBOR:
Paget's disease (10-20%)* Early age (10-20 yrs) Around knee Raised periosteum by expanding tumor: "sunburst pattern" Lace-like architecture Hyaline arteoriosclerosis Alkaline phosphatase increased Retinoblastoma* Boys, predominantly Osteomyelitis DDx Radiation* · Sunburst pattern was Japanese Navy emblem during WWII. *: Predisposing factors. . ---Sung H. Kim El Paso, TX |
Osteomyelitis: complications
|
FIBRES:
Fractures Intraosseous (broidie) abscesses Bacteremi/ Brodie abscess Reactive amyloidosis Endocarditis Sinus tracts/ Squamous cell CA |
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