Biochemistry Mnemonics
Biochemistry Mnemonics
Biochemistry Mnemonics
Essential amino acids PVT. TIM HALL:
Phe
Val
Thr
Trp
Ile
Met
His
Arg
Leu
Lys
· Pvt.is short for Private in the military.
·Arg and His are considered semiessential .
· Alternatively: "MATT VIL PHLy".
P
Val
T
T
I
Met
His
A
Leu
L
· Pvt.
·
· Alternatively: "MATT VIL PHLy".
"Oh My, Such Good Apple Pie, Sweet
As Sugar!":
O
M
S
G
A
P
S
A
S
Phosphorylation cascade: action during
low glucose "In the
Phasted State, Phosphorylate":
The phosphorylation cascade becomes active when blood glucose is low.
The phosphorylation cascade becomes active when blood glucose is low.
RNA) is shaped like a capital T.
Vitamins: which are fat soluble KADE:
Vitamin K
Vitamin A
Vitamin D
Vitamin E
Vitamin K
Vitamin A
Vitamin D
Vitamin E
Na/K pump: concentrations of Na vs. K
on inside/outside of cell, pump
action , number of molecules moved HIKIN':
There is a HIgh K concentration INside the cell.
From this can deduce that the Na/K pump pumps K intocell and Na out of cell .
Alternatively: When I was learning this pump (circa 1992), a band that was "in"
was Kris Kross, and a band that was "out"
was "Sha Na Na
Na ":
So pump moves K K (2 K) in and Na Na Na (3 Na) out.
· Sadly, as infectious as their debut album was, Kris Kross can really no longer
be classed as "in".
There is a HIgh K concentration INside the cell.
From this can deduce that the Na/K pump pumps K into
Alternatively: When I was learning this pump (circa 1992), a band that was "in"
So pump moves K K (2 K) in and Na Na Na (3 Na) out.
· Sadly, as infectious as their debut album was, Kris Kross can really no longer
Insulin: function INsulIN stimulates 2
things to go
IN 2cells: Potassium and Glucose.
IN 2cells: Potassium and Glucose.
Franklin Did Go By Picking Pumpkins
(
Glucose
Glucose-6-P
Fructose-6-P
Fructose-1
D
G
1,3-Biphosphoglycerate
3-Phosphoglycerate
2-Phosphoglycerate (to)
P
P
· 'Did', 'By' and 'Pies' tell you the first part of those three: di-, bi-, and
· '
Citric acid cycle compounds "Oh Citric Acid
Is Of (course) A SiLly STupid Funny
Molecule":
Oxaloacetate
Citrate
Aconitate
Isocitrate
Oxalosuccinate
Alpha-ketoglutarate
SLucciny-CoA
STuccinae
Fumarate
Malate
·SilLy and sTupid used to differentiate succinyL and succinaTe
Is Of (course) A SiLly STupid Funny
Molecule":
O
Citrate
A
I
O
Alpha-ketoglutarate
SLucciny-CoA
STuccinae
F
M
·
B vitamin names "The Rhythm Nearly Proved
Contagious":
· In increasing order:
Thiamine (B1)
Riboflavin (B2)
Niacin (B3)
Pyridoxine (B6)
Cobalamin (B12)
Contagious":
· In increasing order:
Thiamine (B1)
Riboflavin (B2)
Niacin (B3)
Pyridoxine (B6)
Cobalamin (B12)
Testosterone conversion to
DiHydroTestosterone
Dihydrotestosterone is an active form of testosterone. Its conversion needs an
enzyme :
Five
Alpha
Reductase
· This reaction occurs in the peripheral ("FAR") tissue such as adipose
tissue .
Five
Alpha
Reductase
· This reaction occurs in the peripheral ("FAR") tissue such as adipose
DKA: signs DKA:
Dehydrated
Ketones/ Kussmaul breathing/ K drops
Acidosis
Dehydrated
Ketones/ Kussmaul breathing/ K drops
Acidosis
Amino acids: properties · Sung to the Beverly Hillbillies
melody :
Comean ' listen to my story about the a-mi-nos
Five Al-i -phats kick off our show
Glycine, Alanine, Valine and then
Leucine and Iso make up half of ten
Well the next thing you know are threearomats
phenylalanine ( F) is right off the bat
tYrosine has alcohol next to its ring
And tryptophan( W) has indole double ring thing .
Sulfur in Cysteine; it loves to bond
Sulfur Methionine is much more a snob
Alcoholic Serine,well wouldn't you know,
And Threonine's OH gives a warm glow.
Acid-aspartic ( D) and glutamic ( E) are ionized
WithpK of 4, their protons are lysed ,
asparagine ( N) and glutamine( Q) play a different role
With amides they'reneutral but they both have poles
lysine ( K) and aRginine are the basic kind,
But Histidine'simidazole can't make up its mind,
Proline , the last one, coming at the end
It'simine , an oddball, proteins use to bend.
Come
Five Al-
Glycine, Alanine, Valine and then
Well the next thing you know are three
And tryptophan
Sulfur in Cysteine; it loves to bond
Sulfur Methionine is much more a snob
Alcoholic Serine,
And Threonine's OH gives a warm glow.
Acid-
With
With amides they're
But Histidine's
It's
Fabry disease: presentation FABRY:
Ferile episodes
Angiokeratomas / Alpha galactosidase A deficiency
Burning pain
Renal failure
Youth death
F
A
Burning pain
Renal failure
Y
Act Too Glamorous, Picture Posing Every
Place":
H
Phosphoglucose isomerase
Phosphofructokinase (PFK)
A
Triose phosphate isomerase
G
Phosphoglycerate mutase
E
Pyruvate kinase
Pain in abdomen
P
P
Pink urine
Precipitated by drugs (
BUN: creatinine elevation: causes ABCD:
Azotremia (pre-renal)
Bleeding (GI)
Catabolic status
Diet (high protein parenteral nutrition)
A
Bleeding (GI)
Catabolic status
Diet (high protein parenteral nutrition)
G6PD: oxidant drugs inducing hemolytic
anemia AAA:
Antibiotic (eg : sufamethoxazole )
Antimalarial (eg : primaquine )
Antipyretics (eg : acetanilid , but not aspirin or acetaminophen)
Antibiotic (
Antimalarial (
Antipyretics (
Vitamin B3 (niacin, nicotinic acid)
deficiency: pellagra The
3 D's of pellagra:
Dermatitis
Diarrhea
Dementia
· Note vitamin B3 is the 3D's.
3 D's of pellagra:
Dermatitis
Diarrhea
Dementia
· Note vitamin B3 is the 3D's.
Glycogen storage: Anderson's (IV) vs.
Cori's (III) enzyme defect
ABCD:
Anderson's=Branching enzyme.
Cori's=Debranching enzyme.
· Otherwise, can't really distinguish clinically.
ABCD:
Anderson's=Branching enzyme.
Cori's=Debranching enzyme.
· Otherwise, can't really distinguish clinically.
Tangier's disease: hallmark "Tangierene tonsils":
Hallmark is large orange tonsils.
· Important clinical note: there is no increased risk of atherosclerosis,
just like eating tangerenes .
Hallmark is large orange tonsils.
· Important clinical note: there is no increased risk of atherosclerosis,
Na+/K+ pump: movement of ions and
quantity K+ and
in each consist of 2 characters, so so 2 K+ are
pumped in.
Na+ and out each consist of 3 characters, so 3 Na+ are
pumped out.
Na+ and out each consist of 3 characters, so 3 Na+ are
Hemoglobin binding curve: causes of
shift to right "CADET,
face right!":
CO2
Acid
2,3-DPG (aka 2,3 BPG)
Exercise
Temperature
CO2
Acid
2,3-DPG (aka 2,3 BPG)
Exercise
Temperature
Coagulation common pathway: factors in
order 10 + 5 - 2 =
13
Coagulation common pathway:
Factor X to Factor V to Factor II to Factor XIII
13
Coagulation common pathway:
Factor X to Factor V to Factor II to Factor XIII
Vitamin K dependent cofactors "Several Tend
To Nicely Stop Clots":
Factor Seven, Ten, Two, Nine.
Protein S, Protein C.
To Nicely Stop Clots":
Factor Seven, Ten, Two, Nine.
Protein S, Protein C.
G protein type for respective receptors "KISS and
KICK till you're SICK of SEX" (QISS and QIQ till you're SIQ of
SQS):
· This gives the G-protein type (Gq,Gi , or Gs) for all
the
receptors . Receptors are in alphabetical order:
alpha1=Q
alpha2=I
beta1=S
beta3=S
M1=Q
M2=I
M3=Q
D1=S
D2=I
H1=Q
H2=S
V1=Q
V2=S
KICK till you're SICK of SEX" (QISS and QIQ till you're SIQ of
SQS):
· This gives the G-protein type (Gq,
alpha1=Q
alpha2=I
beta1=S
beta3=S
M1=Q
M2=I
M3=Q
D1=S
D2=I
H1=Q
H2=S
V1=Q
V2=S
Alcoholism
Folic acid antagonists
Oral contraceptives
Low dietary intake
Infection with Giardia
Celiac sprue
D
Relative
Old
Pregnant
Niacin deficiency: signs and symptoms The famous 4 D's:
Diarrhoea
Dermatitis
Dementia
Death (if untreated)
D
Dermatitis
Dementia
Death (if untreated)
Citric acid cycle compounds "Our City Is
Kept Safe And Sound From Malice":
Oxaloacetate
Citrate
Isocitrate
alpha -Ketoglutarate
Succinyl-CoA
Succinate
Fumarate
Malate
Kept Safe And Sound From Malice":
O
Citrate
Is
Succinyl-CoA
S
F
Mal
Galactose 1 Phosphate Uridyl Transferase.
· There is an
Metabolic acidosis (normal anion-gap):
causes · With
hyperkalemia : RAISE K+:
RTA type 4
Aldosterone or mineralocorticord deficiency
Iatrogenic : NH4Cl, HCl
"Stenosis ": obstructive uropathy
Early uremia
· With hypokalemia: ReDUCE K+:
Renal TA type 1 and 2
Diarrhoea
Urine diversion into gut
Carbonate anhydrase inhibitor
Ex-hyperventilation
RTA type 4
A
I
"S
Early uremia
· With hypokalemia: ReDUCE K+:
Renal TA type 1 and 2
D
Urine diversion into gut
Carbonate anhydrase inhibitor
Ex-hyperventilation
Creatine phosphate: amino acid
precursors "Nice GAMs!":
Glycine
Arginine
Methionine
·Gam is slang for a person's leg, especiallay an attractive female's leg:
"Nice
gams = nice legs!"
· Creatine phosphate is amuscle energy store, and spontaneously converts to
creatinine which is excreted in the urine in direct proportion to muscle mass:
clinically useful, such as in MS Dx.
G
A
Methionine
·
· Creatine phosphate is a
Nitric oxide: amino acid precursor When the dentist works on
your teeth, you say, "AAArg! (Arginine )" before he
administers Nitric
Oxide (NO) to take the pain away.
· Other players necessary for NO synthesis: NOsynthase , Ca++, NADPH.
Oxide (NO) to take the pain away.
· Other players necessary for NO synthesis: NO
Heme synthesis: amino acid precursors
to basic unit of porphyrins ,
heme (pyrrole ring) "Dracula wants to Suck
a Co-ed's
blood [think heme] with his Glystening teeth!":
Succinyl CoA and Glycine are precursor amino acids topyrrole
rings , which is the basic unit of porphyrins and heme.
Succinyl CoA and Glycine are precursor amino acids to
Enzymes: classification "Over The HILL":
Oxidoreductases
Transferases
Hydrolases
Isomerases
Ligases
Lyases
O
T
H
I
L
L
Po
Golgi complex: functions "Golgi Distributes A
SPAM":
Distributes proteins and lipids from ER
Addmannose onto specific lysosome proteins
Sulfation of sugars and slected tyrosine
Proteoglycan assembly
Add O-oligosugars to serine and threnonine
ModifyN -ologosugars on asparagine
Distributes proteins and lipids from ER
Add
S
P
Add O-
Modify
P
H
Malate-aspartate shuttle "MAD commute":
Malate in.
Alpha-ketoglutarate and D( Aspartate) out.
M
Alpha-ketoglutarate and D
DNA bond strength (nucleotides) "Crazy Glue":
Strongest bonds are between Cytosine and Guanine, strong like Crazy
Glue (3 H-bonds), whereas the A=T only have 2 H-bonds.
· This is relevant to DNA replication, as the weaker A=T will be the site where
RNA primer makes the initial break.
Strongest bonds are between Cytosine and Guanine, strong like Crazy
Glue (3 H-bonds), whereas the A=T only have 2 H-bonds.
· This is relevant to DNA replication, as the weaker A=T will be the site where
RNA primer makes the initial break.
Enzyme kinetics: competitive vs.
non-competitive inhibition
With Kompetitive inhibition: Km increases; no change in
Vmax.
With Non-kompetitive inhibition: No change
in Km;
Vmax decreases.
With K
With Non-k
V
Sickle cell anemia: mutation "HbS isn't Very
Good":
At Sixth position ofHB beta chain , Valine is present
instead of
Glutamic acid.
Good":
At Sixth position of
Glutamic acid.
Hyperglycemia: 3 classic signs and
symptoms DKA:
Dehydrated
Ketoacidosis
Acetone breath
Dehydrated
K
Acetone breath
Vitamins: which are fat soluble "The FAT cat is in
the ADEK (attic)":
Fat soluble vitamins are A, D, E, K.
Fat soluble vitamins are A
Citric acid cycle compounds "Oh! Can I
Keep Some Succinate For Myself?":
Oxaloacetate
Citrate
Isocitrate
Ketoglutarate
Succinyl coA
Succinate
Fumarate
Malate
Keep Some Succinate For Myself?":
O
Citrate
I
K
S
F
M
Carbon monoxide: electron transport
chain target "CO blocks
CO":
Carbon monoxide (CO) blocks Cytochrome Oxidase (CO)
CO":
Carbon monoxide (CO) blocks Cytochrome Oxidase (CO)
Electron transport chain: Rotenone's
site of action Rotenone
is a site specific inhibitor of complex one.
Catabolism steps of branched chain
amino acids "Truck
hit the Ox to Death":
Transamination
Oxidative decarboxylation
Dehydrogenation
Transamination
Oxidative decarboxylation
Dehydrogenation
Adrenaline mechanism "ABC of Adrenaline":
Adrenaline--> activates Beta receptors--> increases Cyclic
AMP
Adrenaline--> activates Beta receptors--> increases Cyclic
AMP
Citric acid cycle compounds "Can I Keep
Selling Sex For Money, Officer?":
Citrate
Isocitrate
alpha Ketogluterate
Succinyl CoA
Succinate
Fumerate
Malate
Oxaloacetate
Selling Sex For Money, Officer?":
Citrate
I
alpha Ketogluterate
Succinyl CoA
S
Fumerate
M
O
Sickle cell disease pathophysiology SICKle cell
disease is due to a Substitution of the SICKsth amino acid of the
B chain.
disease is due to a Substitution of the SICKsth amino acid of the
B chain.
Glucagon function "Mr. Gluca has Gone
to the
cAMP to bring out some Glucose":
· Glucagon elevates glucose by cAMP mechanism.
cAMP to bring out some Glucose":
· Glucagon elevates glucose by cAMP mechanism.
Infantile Beriberi symptoms Restlessness
Sleeplessness
Breathlessness
Soundlessness (aphonia)
Eatlessness (anorexia)
Great heartedness (dilated heart)
· Alternatively: Get 5 of 'em with BERI: Breathless/ Big
hearted, Eatless, Restless, Insomnia.
Sleeplessness
Breathlessness
Soundlessness (aphonia)
Eatlessness (anorexia)
Great heartedness (dilated heart)
· Alternatively: Get 5 of 'em with BERI: Breathless/ Big
hearted, Eatless, Restless, Insomnia.
Hypervitaminosis A: signs and symptoms "Increased Vitamin A
makes you HARD":
Headache/ Hepatomegaly
Anorexia/ Alopecia
Really painful bones
Dry skin/ Drowsiness
makes you HARD":
Headache/ Hepatomegaly
Anorexia/ Alopecia
Really painful bones
Dry skin/ Drowsiness
Fasting state: branched-chain amino
acids used by skeletal muscles
"Muscles LIVe fast":
Leucine
Isoleucine
Valine
"Muscles LIVe fast":
Leucine
Isoleucine
Valine
Essential amino acids "PVT. TIM HALL always argues,
never tires":
Phe
Val
Thr
Trp
Ile
Met
His
Arg
Lue
Lys
· Always argues: the A is for Arg, not Asp.
· 'Never tires': T is not Tyr, but is both Thr and Trp.
never tires":
P
Val
T
T
I
Met
His
A
Lue
L
· Always argues: the A is for Arg, not Asp.
· 'Never tires': T is not Tyr, but is both Thr and Trp.
Na/K pump action (Sing loudly to the chorus of "Kiss Him
Goodbye"): "Na, Na, Na -- out! Na, Na,
Na -- out! K, K goes...inside!"
Action of pump is 3 Na out and 2 K in
Goodbye"): "Na, Na, Na -- out! Na, Na,
Na -- out! K, K goes...inside!"
Action of pump is 3 Na out and 2 K in
AcetylCoA and acetacetylCoA: amino
acids forming them "A
Lighter Lease" (A LyTr LeIs):
A=AcetylCoA or Acetoacetyl CoA
Ly=Lysine
Tr=Tryptophan
Le=Leucine
Is=Isoleucine
Lighter Lease" (A LyTr LeIs):
A=AcetylCoA or Acetoacetyl CoA
Ly=Lysine
Tr=Tryptophan
Le=Leucine
Is=Isoleucine
Van den Bergh reaction (Jaundice test) "Indirect
reacting bilirubin = Unconjugated bilirubin":
Both start with vowels, so they go together: Indirect & Unconjugated.
reacting bilirubin = Unconjugated bilirubin":
Both start with vowels, so they go together: Indirect & Unconjugated.
Type 1 glycogen storage disease Type 1 = one (Von),
ie Von Giereke's disease
ie Von Giereke's disease
Enzymes: competitive inhibitors "Competition is hard
because we have to travel more kilometers (Km) with the same velocity":
With competitive inhibitors, velocity remains same but Km
increases
because we have to travel more kilometers (Km) with the same velocity":
With competitive inhibitors, velocity remains same but Km
increases
Fabry's disease FABRY'S:
Foam cells found in glomeruli and tubules/ Febrile episodes
Alpha galactosidase A deficiency/ Angiokeratomas
Burning pain in extremities/ BUN increased in serum/ Boys
Renal failure
YX genotype (male, X linked recessive)
Sphingolipidoses
Foam cells found in glomeruli and tubules/ Febrile episodes
Alpha galactosidase A deficiency/ Angiokeratomas
Burning pain in extremities/ BUN increased in serum/ Boys
Renal failure
YX genotype (male, X linked recessive)
Sphingolipidoses
Collagen concisely covered COLLAGEN:
C-terminal propeptide (procollagen)/ Covalent Cross links/
C vitamin/ Connective tissue/ Cartilage/ Chondroblasts/
Copper Cofactor (Covalent Cross linking)
Outside the cell is where collagen normally functions/ Osteoblasts/
Osteogenesis imperfecta
Lysyl hydroxylase/ Lysyl oxidase (oxidatively deaminates lysyl and
hydroxylysyl residues to form collagen cross links, last biosynthesis step)
Long triple helical fibers/ Ligaments
Alpha chains/ Attached by H bonds form triple helix/ Ascorbate
for hydroxylation of lysyl and prolyl residues of pro-Alpha chains (postranslational
modification)
Gly in every third position/ Glycosylation of hydroxyl group of
hydroxylysine with Glucose and Galactose; GOlgi allows
procollagen to GO outside of cell
Extracellular matrix/ Eye (cornea, sclera)/ Ehlers-Danlos
Syndrome
N-terminal propeptide (procollagen)/ Nonhelical terminal
extensions
· Note: Procollagen LEAVEs the cell to be cLEAVEd by procollagen peptidases
C-terminal propeptide (procollagen)/ Covalent Cross links/
C vitamin/ Connective tissue/ Cartilage/ Chondroblasts/
Copper Cofactor (Covalent Cross linking)
Outside the cell is where collagen normally functions/ Osteoblasts/
Osteogenesis imperfecta
Lysyl hydroxylase/ Lysyl oxidase (oxidatively deaminates lysyl and
hydroxylysyl residues to form collagen cross links, last biosynthesis step)
Long triple helical fibers/ Ligaments
Alpha chains/ Attached by H bonds form triple helix/ Ascorbate
for hydroxylation of lysyl and prolyl residues of pro-Alpha chains (postranslational
modification)
Gly in every third position/ Glycosylation of hydroxyl group of
hydroxylysine with Glucose and Galactose; GOlgi allows
procollagen to GO outside of cell
Extracellular matrix/ Eye (cornea, sclera)/ Ehlers-Danlos
Syndrome
N-terminal propeptide (procollagen)/ Nonhelical terminal
extensions
· Note: Procollagen LEAVEs the cell to be cLEAVEd by procollagen peptidases
Metabolism sites "Use both arms to HUG":
Heme synthesis
Urea cycle
Gluconeogenesis
· These reactions occur in bothcytoplasm and mitochondria.
Heme synthesis
Urea cycle
Gluconeogenesis
· These reactions occur in bothcytoplasm and mitochondria.
Mitochondrial DNA (mt DNA) properties "mt DNA".
mt stands for:
Maternal Transfer
Mutates Tremendously (high mutation rate)
mt stands for:
Maternal Transfer
Mutates Tremendously (high mutation rate)
Orbital names before alphabetical order
begins "Sober
People Don't Find Good In Killing":
Orbital names for electrons are S,P,D,F,G,I,K.
After that, alphabetical order begins.
People Don't Find Good In Killing":
Orbital names for electrons are S,P,D,F,G,I,K.
After that, alphabetical order begins.
Oxidation vs. reduction: electron
gain/loss "LEO the
lion says GER":
Lose Electrons = Oxidation.
Gain Electrons = Reduction.
lion says GER":
Lose Electrons = Oxidation.
Gain Electrons = Reduction.
Benzene ring: order of substituents Meta: the two
sticks representing functional groups make a capital letter M with the
ring.
Otho: can close the top of the functional groups and make a boxy capital
letter O.
sticks representing functional groups make a capital letter M with the
ring.
Otho: can close the top of the functional groups and make a boxy capital
letter O.
Cis/trans (geometric) isomer
nomenclature "Zame Zide.
Epposite.":
Z is the 2 functional groups on the same side of double bond.
E is for opposite sides.
Epposite.":
Z is the 2 functional groups on the same side of double bond.
E is for opposite sides.
Oxidation vs. reduction: electron
gain/loss OIL RIG:
Oxidation Is Loss (of electrons).
Reduction Is Gain (of electrons).
Oxidation Is Loss (of electrons).
Reduction Is Gain (of electrons).
Cation vs. anion: positive vs. negative The t in cation
looks like a plus sign: "ca+ion".
Cation is positive, anion is negative.
looks like a plus sign: "ca+ion".
Cation is positive, anion is negative.
Oxidation vs. reduction:
electrochemical cell and electron gain/loss
AN OIL RIG CAT:
At the ANode, Oxidation Involves Loss of electrons.
Reduction Involves Gaining electrons at the CAThode.
AN OIL RIG CAT:
At the ANode, Oxidation Involves Loss of electrons.
Reduction Involves Gaining electrons at the CAThode.
Gibb's free energy formula "Good Honey Tastes
Sweet":
(delta)G = H - T(delta)S
Sweet":
(delta)G = H - T(delta)S
Anion vs. cation charge ANion is A Negative
ion.
ion.
Benzene ring: order of substituents "Benzene likes to
ROMP":
· From R group moving around the ring:
R group
Ortho
Meta
Para
ROMP":
· From R group moving around the ring:
R group
Ortho
Meta
Para
Benzene ring: effects of substituents
on further additions
"Benzene likes to ROMP. We HOPED she's be safe, but now she's
knocked up. ADOPt or WEDD'M?":
ROMP: Substituents in order: R-group, Ortho, Meta,
Para.
HOPED: Halogens are Ortho, Para, Electron
withdrawing, Deactivating.
ADOPt: Addititive substituents Direct Ortho & Para.
WEDD'M: Withdrawing Electrons Deactivates, Directs
Meta.
"Benzene likes to ROMP. We HOPED she's be safe, but now she's
knocked up. ADOPt or WEDD'M?":
ROMP: Substituents in order: R-group, Ortho, Meta,
Para.
HOPED: Halogens are Ortho, Para, Electron
withdrawing, Deactivating.
ADOPt: Addititive substituents Direct Ortho & Para.
WEDD'M: Withdrawing Electrons Deactivates, Directs
Meta.
Cathode: what happens during
electrolysis Current
Carries Cations to the Cathode for reduCtion.
Carries Cations to the Cathode for reduCtion.
Cis/trans (geometric) isomer
nomenclature The letter "Z" is
written in a zigzag way. If you draw a vertical line splitting it down the
middle then its the same halves (same sides of double bond). The letter "E" is
written differently so a vertical line splits it into different halves
(different sides of double bond).
written in a zigzag way. If you draw a vertical line splitting it down the
middle then its the same halves (same sides of double bond). The letter "E" is
written differently so a vertical line splits it into different halves
(different sides of double bond).
Cis/trans (geometric) isomers: arrangement
of functional groups
Cis starts with a C and the functional groups form a C.
Trans, therefore is the other one by default.
Cis starts with a C and the functional groups form a C.
Trans, therefore is the other one by default.
Acids: Lewis acid vs. Bronsted acid BAD LATE:
BAD: Bronsted Acid Donates hydrogens
LATE: Lewis Acid Takes Electrons
BAD: Bronsted Acid Donates hydrogens
LATE: Lewis Acid Takes Electrons
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