Pharmacology pneumonic
Pharmacology
pneumonic
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Hepatomegaly: 3 common causes, 3 rarer causes
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Common are 3 C's:
Cirrhosis Carcinoma Cardiac failure Rarer are 3 C's: Cholestasis Cysts Cellular infiltration . ---Anonymous Contributor and Jamal Khan Not Specified and Birmingham University Medical Student |
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Inflammatory Bowel Disease: which has
cobblestones
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Crohn's has Cobblestones on endoscopy.
. ---Anonymous Contributor |
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PKU findings
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PKU:
Pale hair, skin Krazy (neurological abnormalities) Unpleasant smell . ---Robert O'Connor and Lior Greenberg |
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Haemochromatosis definition, classic triad
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"Iron man triathalon":
Iron man: deposition of iron in many body tissues. · Triathalon has 3 components, which match triad: Swimming: Skin pigmentation Biking: Bronze diabetes Marathon: Micronodular pigment cirrhosis · See diagram for visual equivalent. . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
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Ulcerative colitis: features
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ULCERATIONS:
Ulcers Large intestine Carcinoma [risk] Extraintestinal manifestations Remnants of old ulcers [pseudopolyps] Abscesses in crypts Toxic megacolon [risk] Inflamed, red, granular mucosa Originates at rectum Neutrophil invasion Stools bloody . ---Samuel Atom Baek-Kim |
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Peptic ulcer: associated causative factors
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SHAZAM:
Smoking Hypercalcemia Aspirin Zollinger-Ellison Acidity MEN type I · These may work with H. pylori to promote ulceration, or may act alone. . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
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Carcinoid syndrome: components
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CARCinoid:
Cutaneous flushing Asthmatic wheezing Right sided valvular heart lesions Cramping and diarrhea . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
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Gallstones/cholecystitis: risk factors
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Kwashiorkor: distinguishing from Marasmus
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Oral cancer risks
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PATH LAB:
Plummer-vinson syndrome Alcohol Tobacco Human papilloma virus Leukoplakia Asbestos Bad oral hygiene |
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Pancreatitis: causes
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PANCREATITIS:
Posterior Alcohol Neoplasm Cholelithiasis Rx (lasix, AZT) ERCP Abdominal surgery Trauma Infection (mumps) Triglycerides elevated Idiopathic Scorpion bite . ---Anonymous Contributor |
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Hepatocellular carcinoma: aetiology, features
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ABC:
Aetiology: Aflatoxins Hep B Cirrhosis · Features: AFP increased (classic marker) Bile-producing (DDx from cholangiocarcinoma) Commonest primary liver tumor . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
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Pancreatitis: causes
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BAD S#!T:
Biliary: gallstones, 1% of ERCP patients Alcoholism/ Azotemia Drugs Scorpion bite/ Sea anenome/ SLE Hyperlipidemia/ Hypercalcemia Idiopathic/ Infectious (mumps, coxsackie, salmonella, ascariasis) Tumor/ Trauma · The drugs are: penacillamine, furosemide, thiazides, ethacrynic acid, steroids, sulfas, ace inhibitors, N-SAIDs, erythromycin, estrogen. . ---Anonymous Contributor |
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IBD: extraintestinal manifestations
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"Left intestine to sail the SEAS of
the rest of the body":
Skin manifestations: erythema nodosum, pyoderma gangrenosum Eye inflammation: iritis, episcleritis Arthritis Sclerosing cholangitis . ---Anonymous Contributor |
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Achalasia: 1 possible cause, 1 treatment
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aCHAlasia:
1 possible cause: CHAgas' disease 1 treatment: Ca++ CHAnnel blockers . ---Anonymous Contributor |
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Colon cancer: risk factors
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HULA:
Heridity/ Heriditary diseases Ulcerative colitis Low fibre, high fat diet Adenomatous polyps . ---Anonymous Contributor |
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Colon carcinoma: aeitiology
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CRAPS:
Chronic ulcerative colitis Ratio of animal fat:fibre diet Adenomatous polyps Familial Polyposis Strong family history of colon cancer. . |
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Takayasu's disease is Pulseless disease
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"Can't Tak'a ya pulse"
(Can't take your pulse):
Takayasu's disease known as Pulseless disease, since pulse is weakened in the upper extremities. . ---Anonymous Contributor |
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Acute ischemia: signs [especially limbs]
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6 P's:
Pain Pallor Pulselessness Paralysis Paraesthesia Perishingly cold . ---Shebrain Cairo University |
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Hypertension: secondary hypertension causes
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CHAPS:
Cushing's syndrome Hyperaldosteronism [aka Conn's syndrome] Aorta coarctation Phaeochromocytoma Stenosis of renal arteries · Note: only 5% of hypertension cases are secondary, rest are primary. . ---Anonymous Contributor |
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MI: sequence of elevated enzymes after MI
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"C-AST-Le"
(castle):
CK-MB first AST second LDH third · Also: can use the last 'E' for ESR. . ---Anonymous Contributor |
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Atherosclerosis risk factors
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"You're a SAD BET with
these risk factors":
Sex: male Age: middle-aged, elderly Diabetes mellitus BP high: hypertension Elevated cholesterol Tobacco . ---HBV Morehouse School of Medicine |
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Atherosclerosis risk factors
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SHIFT MAID:
Smoking Hypertension (N)IDDM Family history Triglycerdides & fats Male Age Inactivity Diet / Drink . ---Marcus McMillan Glasgow University |
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Thrombus: possible fates
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DOPE:
Dissolution Organization & repair Propagation Embolization . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
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MI: sequence of elevated enzymes after MI
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"Time to CALL 911":
· From first to appear to last: Troponin CK-MB AST LDH1 . ---Marco Foramiglio Centro de Ciências Médicas e Biológicas - PUC/SP- Sorocaba/SP - Brazil |
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Blood disorders: commoner sex
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HE (male) gets:
HEmophilia (X-linked) HEinz bodies (G6PD deficiency, causing HEmolytic anemia: X-linked) HEmochromatosis (male predominance) HEart attacks (male predominance) HEnoch-Schonlein purpura (male predominance) SHE (female) gets: SHEehan's syndrome . ---Anonymous Contributor |
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Deep venous thrombosis: genetic causes
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ALASCA:
Antithrombin III Leiden (Factor V) APC (Activated Protein C) S-protein deficiency C-protein deficiency Antiphospholipid antibody |
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Buerger's disease features
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"burger SCRAPS":
Segmenting thrombosing vasculitis Claudication (intermittent) Raynaud's phenomenon Associated with smoking Pain, even at rest Superficial nodular phlebitis · Alternatively, if hungry for more detail [sic], "CRISP PIG burgers": Chronic ulceration Raynaud's phenomenon Intermittent claudication Segmenting, thrombosing vasculitis Pain, even at rest Phlebitis (superficial nodular) Idiopathic Gangrene . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
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Deep venous thrombosis: diagnosis
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DVT:
Dilated superficial veins/ Discoloration/ Doppler ultrasound Venography is gold standard Tenderness of Thigh and calf . ---Rinku Uberoi UNIBE |
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Virchow's triad (venous thrombosis)
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"VIRchow":
Vascular trauma Increased coagulability Reduced blood flow (stasis) . ---Rinku Uberoi UNIBE |
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Kawasaki disease: features
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Disease name: a Kawasaki motorcycle.
Usually young children, epidemic in Japan: Japanese child rides the motorcycle. Conjunctival, oral erythema: red eyes, mouth. Fever: thermometer. Erythema of palms, soles: red palms, soles. Generalized rash: rash dots. Cervical lymphadenitis: enlarged cervical nodes with inflammation arrows. Vasculitis of arteries: inflammation arrows on arteries. Cardiovascular sequelae [20%]: inflammation arrows on cardiac arteries. Treat with aspirin: aspirin headlight. · See diagram. . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
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Von Hippel-Lindau: signs and symptoms
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HIPPEL:
Hemanigoblastomas Increased renal cancer Pheochromocytoma Port-wine stains Eye dysfunction Liver, pancreas, kidney cysts · Bare bones version: Hippel-Lindau, with H and L as above. . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
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Heart failure causes
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"HEART MAy DIE":
Hypertension Embolism Anemia Rheumatic heart disease Thyrotoxicosis (incl. pregnancy) Myocardial infarct Arrythmia Y Diet & lifestyle Infection Endocarditis . ---The Cashman University of Queensland, Australia |
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Anemia causes (simplified)
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ANEMIA:
Anemia of chronic disease No folate or B12 Ethanol Marrow failure & hemaglobinopathies Iron deficient Acute & chronic blood loss . ---The Cashman University of Queensland, Australia |
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Pick's disease: location, action, epidemiology
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· See figure.
Pick axes are Picking away at the old woman's cerebral cortex, causing cortical atrophy. 2 pick axes on her brain: frontal lobe and anterior 1/3 of temporal. An old woman, since epidemiology is elderly & more common in women. . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
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Pericarditis: findings
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PERICarditis:
Pulsus paradoxus ECG changes Rub Increased JVP Chest pain [worse on inspiration, better when lean forward] . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
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Fat embolism: findings
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"Fat, Bat, Fract":
Fat in urine, sputum Bat-wing lung x-ray Fracture history · Also, fracture of FEMur causes Fat EMboli. . |
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Hemolytic anemia types
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SHEEP T!T:
Sickle cell Heriditary splenocytosis Enzyme deficiencies: [G6P, pyruvate kinase] Erythroblastosis fetalis Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria Trauma to RBCs Immunohemolytics: [warm Ab, cold Ag] Thalassemias: [alpha, beta] . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
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Disseminated Intravascular Cogulation: causes
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DIC:
Delivery TEAR (obstetric complications) Infections (gram negative)/ Immunological Cancer (prostate, pancreas, lung, stomach) · Obstretrical complications are TEAR: Toxemia of pregnancy Emboli (amniotic) Abrutio placentae Retain fetus products . ---Khawaja Atif Farooq Rawalpindi Medical College, Islamabad, Pakistan (Gujranwala) |
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Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: signs
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FAT RN:
Fever Anemia Thrombocytopenia Renal problems Neurologic dysfunction . ---Anonymous Contributor |
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Kawasaki disease: diagnostic criteria
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CHILD:
5 letters=5 days, >5 years old, 5 out 6 criteria for diagnosis: Conjuctivitis (bilateral) Hyperthermia (fever) >5 days Idiopathic polymorphic rash Lymphoadenopathy (cervical) Dryness & redness of (i)lips & month (ii)palms & soles [2 separate criteria] . ---Wen Sun Lum University of Calgary, Canada |
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Protein C, Protein S: function
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C and S are:
Clot Stoppers · These proteins inhibit coagulation. . ---Rinku Uberoi New York Hospital |
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Aneurysm types
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MAD SCAB:
Mycotic Atherosclerotic Dissecting Syphilitic Capillary microaneurysm Arteriovenous fistula Berry . ---Sushant Varma Medical student, University of Sheffield, UK |
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Kawasaki's disease: features
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FEAR ME:
Fever Eye: perilimbic sparing conjunctival injection Adenopathy: usually cervical Rash Mouth: red lips Extremities: red hands and feet · Disease to be feared because of risk of coronary aneurysms. . ---Vince Yamashiroya |
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MI: complications
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"LEAP on the MAP":
LVF Embolism (systemic) Aneurysm (ventricular) Progressive infarction Myocardial rupture Arrhythmia Pericarditis . ---Kevin Lau University of Hong Kong |
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Portal hypertension: features
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ABCDE:
Ascites Bleeding (haematemesis, piles) Caput medusae Diminished liver Enlarged spleen . ---Dr. Harsh Sharma |
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Anemia (normocytic): causes
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ABCD:
Acute blood loss Bone marrow failure Chronic disease Destruction (hemolysis) . ---Anthony Chan |
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TTP: clinical features
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Thrombosis and thrombocytopenia PARTNER together:
Platelet count low Anemia (microangiopathic hemolytic) Renal failure Temperature rise Neurological deficits ER admission (as it is an emergency) . ---Anthony Chan |
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Macrocytic anaemia: differential
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FAT RBC:
Fetus (pregnancy) Alcohol Thyroid disease(ie hypothyroidism) Reticulocytosis B12 and folate deficiency Cirrhosis and chronic liver disease . ---Anonymous Contributor |
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MI: post-MI complications
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ACT RAPID:
Arrhythmias (SVT, VT, VF) Congestive cardiac failure Tamponade/ Thromboembolic disorders Rupture (ventricle, septum, papillary muscle) Aneurysm (ventricle) Pericarditis Infaction (a second one) Death/ Dressler's syndrome . ---Dr. Huw Davies |
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Cardiovascular risk factors
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FLASH BODIES:
Family history Lipids Age Sex Homocystinaemia Blood pressure Obesity Diabetes mellitus Inflammation (raised CRP)/ Increased thrombosis Exercise Smoking . ---Hamish Mace Dunedin School of Medicine, New Zealand |
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Cardiovascular risk factors (Framingham)
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FRAMINGHAM:
Family history Running (exercise) Adiposity (obesity) Marlboros (tobacco) Insulin resistance (diabetes) Non-regulated lipids (dyslipidaemia) Georgie Pie (high fat diet) Hypertension Age Male |
endocrine
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Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia (MEN) subtype
classification
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Each subtype has 2 or 3 causes, plus something 1
or 2 more items.
MEN I is disease of 3 P's: [Pituitary, Parathyroid, Pancreas] plus one more: adrenal cortex. MEN II is disease of 2 C's: [Carcinoma of thyroid, Catacholamines (pheochromocytoma)] plus two more: parathyroid for MEN IIa or mucocutaneous neuromas for MEN IIB (also called MEN III). . ---Anonymous Contributor |
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Hypercalcemia: symptoms of elevated serum levels
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"Bones, Stones, Groans, Moans":
Bones: pain in bones Stones: renal Groans: pain Psychic moans/ Psychological overtones: confused state . ---Anonymous Contributor |
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Pheochromocytoma: 3 most common symptoms
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"PHEochromocytoma":
Palpitations Headache Edisodic sweating (diaphoresis) . ---Anonymous Contributor |
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Thyroid carcinoma: features, prognosis of most
popular
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Most Popular is Papillary.
· Clinical features: Papillae (branching) Palpable lymph nodes "Pupil" nuclei (Orphan Annie) Psammoma bodies within lesion (often) · Also, has a Positive Prognosis (10 year survival rate: 98%). . ---Anonymous Contributor |
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Thyroid storm characteristics
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"Storm HITS girls cAMP":
Thyroid storm due to: Hyperthyroidism Infection or Illness at childbirth Trauma Surgery · girls: Thyroid storm more common in females. · cAMP: Tx involves high dose of beta blockers (beta receptors work via cAMP) · Alternatively: "S#IT storm": Surgery, Hyperthyroidism, Infection/ Illness, Trauma. . ---Sung H. Kim & Lior Greenberg |
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Hypothyroidism/thyroiditis: maifestations and
morphology
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"A SCHISM among the Axis during
WWII":
Addison disease Subacute thyroiditis Cretinism/ Cold intolerance/ Constipation Hashimoto's disease Infectious-subacute thyroiditis Silent thyroiditis Myxedema coma · The Axis: Schimidt syndrome (when other endocrinology disorders accompany Hashimoto's disease) and "Hitler cells" (Hurthle cells, which are follicular epithelial cells with basophilic inculsions) . ---Sung H. Kim |
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Cushing syndrome
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CUSHING:
Central obesity/ Cervical fat pads/ Collagen fiber weakness/ Comedones (acne) Urinary free corisol and glucose increase Striae/ Suppressed immunity Hypercortisolism/ Hypertension/ Hyperglycemia/ Hirsutism Iatrogenic (Increased administration of corticosteroids) Noniatrogenic (Neoplasms) Glucose intolerance/ Growth retardation . ---Rinku Uberoi |
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Calcification: metastatic vs. dystrophic
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MEN I (Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia) syndrome:
components
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"Please Please Pay Attention To peptic
ulceration, you worms":
· Adenomas of: Pituatary Pancreatic islets Parathyroid Adrenal cortex Thyroid, associated with peptic ulceration · Syndrome is called "Wermer's syndrome". . ---Anonymous Contributor |
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Addison's disease: features
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ADDISON:
Autoimmune DIC (meningcoccus) Destruction by cancer, infection, vascular insufficiency Iatrogenic Sarcoidosis, granulomatous such as TB histiomycosis hypOtension/ hypOnatermia Nelson's syndrome [post adrelectomy, increased ACTH] |
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Multiple endocrine neoplasia III: components
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MEN III is a disease of 3
M's:
Medullary thyroid carcinoma Medulla of adrenal (pheochromocytoma) Mucosal neuroma . ---Anonymous Contributor |
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Thyrotoxicosis syndrome: signs and symptoms
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"A Penny For Every Symptom That Hyperthyroidism Will Make Grossly Evident":
Anxiety Palpitations/ Pulse rapid Fatigability Emotional lability Sweating Tremor Heat intolerance Weight loss with good appetite Muscular weakness/ Menstrual changes Goitre Eye changes . ---Daniel Clarke University of Queensland |
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Goitre: differential
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GOITRE:
Goitrogens Onset of puberty Iodine deficiency Thyrotoxicosis/ Tumor/ Thyroiditis [Hashimoto's] Reproduction [pregnancy] Enzyme deficiencies . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
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Adrenal disorders: Cushing's vs Addison's
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Cushing: is Gushing cortisol.
In Addison's: patient's cortisol doesn't Add up. . ---Anonymous Contributor |
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Pheochromocytoma: common symptoms
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5 P's:
Paroxysmal rise in BP Palpitations Perspiration Pain in abdomen PMV in urine . ---Malik Tariq Rahim King Edward Medical College, Pakistan |
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Phaeochromocytoma: diagnositc rule
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· Rule of 10's:
10% ectopic 10% multiple 10% malignant . ---Anonymous Contributor University of Sydney, Australia |
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Hirsutism vs. virilism
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Hirsutism: Hair on body like a male.
Virilism: Voice and rest of secondary sexual characteristics like a male. . ---Anonymous Contributor |
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Thyroid carcinoma: frequency
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"Please Feel My A$$":
In order of most frequent to least frequent, and in order from least aggressive to most aggressive: Papillary carcinoma Follicular carcinoma Medullary thyroid carcinoma Anaplastic carcinoma . ---Medicine 2004 student University of Western Ontario |
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Diabetes: short list of complications
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SHAKE:
Stroke Heart attack Amputations Kidney disease Eyes (vision loss) |
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Lichen planus characteristics
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Diabetic ketoacidosis: I vs. II
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Baldness risk factors
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"Daddy Doesn't Deny Getting Hair Implants":
Diet Disease Drugs Genes Hormones Injury to the scalp . ---Anonymous Contributor |
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Melanoma vs. basal cell, squamous cell carcinoma:
metastatic ability
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MElanoma is more likely to
MEtastasize. · Basal and squamous hardly ever metastasize. . ---Anonymous Contributor |
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Gout: factors that can precipitate an attack of
acute gouty arthritis
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DARK:
Diuretics Alcohol Renal disease Kicked (trauma) · And, the attack occurs most often at night [thus "dark"]. . ---Marc Miller Sackler School of Medicine |
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Renal failure: causes
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AVID GUT:
Acute tubular necrosis Vascular obstruction Infection Diffuse intravascular coagulation Glomerular disease Urinary obstruction Tubulointerstitial nephritis . ---Daniel Clarke University of Queensland |
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Calculi: types
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CAlCUli:
Calcium Ammonium magnesium phosphate Cystine Uric acid . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
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Gout vs. pseudogout: crystal lab findings
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Pseduogout crystals are:
Positive birefringent Polygon shaped · Gout therefore is the negative needle shaped crystals. · Also, gout classically strikes great Toe, and its hallmark is Tophi. . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
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APKD: signs, complications, accelerators
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11 B's:
· Signs: Bloody urine Bilateral pain [vs. stones, which are usually unilateral pain] Blood pressure up Bigger kidneys Bumps palpable · Complications: Berry aneurysm Biliary cysts Bicuspid valve [prolapse and other problems] · Accelerators: Boys Blacks Blood pressure high . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
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Barter's syndrome: pathogenesis, major sign
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Barter: "In exchange for giving away
Na+,K+,Cl-, you can drop the blood pressure".
. ---Samuel Atom Baek-Kim Tuckahoe, New York |
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Renal failure (chronic): consequences
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ABCDEFG:
Anemia -due to less EPO Bone alterations -osteomalacia -osteoporosis -von Recklinghausen Cardiopulmonary -atherosclerosis -CHF -hypertension -pericarditis D vitamin loss Electrolyte imbalance -sodium loss/gain -metabolic acidosis -hyperkalemia Feverous infections -due to leukocyte abnormalities and dialysis hazards GI disturbances -haemorrhagic gastritis -peptic ulcer disease -intractable hiccups . ---Plussind Siriraj Medical University, Thailand |
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Nephrotic syndrome: hallmark findings
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"Protein LEAC":
Proteinuria Lipid up Edema Albumin down Cholesterol up · In nephrotic, the proteins leak out. . ---Anonymous Contributor |
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Gout: major features
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GOUT:
Great toe One joint (75% monoarticular) Uric acid increased (hence urolithiasis) Tophi . ---Dr. Harsh Sharma BJ Medical College |
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Hematuria: urethral causes
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Gout: factors that can precipitate an attack of
acute gouty arthritis
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DARK:
Diuretics Alcohol Renal disease Kicked (trauma) · And, the attack occurs most often at night [thus "dark"]. . ---Marc Miller Sackler School of Medicine |
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Renal failure: causes
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AVID GUT:
Acute tubular necrosis Vascular obstruction Infection Diffuse intravascular coagulation Glomerular disease Urinary obstruction Tubulointerstitial nephritis . ---Daniel Clarke University of Queensland |
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Calculi: types
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CAlCUli:
Calcium Ammonium magnesium phosphate Cystine Uric acid . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
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Gout vs. pseudogout: crystal lab findings
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Pseduogout crystals are:
Positive birefringent Polygon shaped · Gout therefore is the negative needle shaped crystals. · Also, gout classically strikes great Toe, and its hallmark is Tophi. . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
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APKD: signs, complications, accelerators
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11 B's:
· Signs: Bloody urine Bilateral pain [vs. stones, which are usually unilateral pain] Blood pressure up Bigger kidneys Bumps palpable · Complications: Berry aneurysm Biliary cysts Bicuspid valve [prolapse and other problems] · Accelerators: Boys Blacks Blood pressure high . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
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Barter's syndrome: pathogenesis, major sign
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Barter: "In exchange for giving away
Na+,K+,Cl-, you can drop the blood pressure".
. ---Samuel Atom Baek-Kim Tuckahoe, New York |
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Renal failure (chronic): consequences
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ABCDEFG:
Anemia -due to less EPO Bone alterations -osteomalacia -osteoporosis -von Recklinghausen Cardiopulmonary -atherosclerosis -CHF -hypertension -pericarditis D vitamin loss Electrolyte imbalance -sodium loss/gain -metabolic acidosis -hyperkalemia Feverous infections -due to leukocyte abnormalities and dialysis hazards GI disturbances -haemorrhagic gastritis -peptic ulcer disease -intractable hiccups . ---Plussind Siriraj Medical University, Thailand |
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Nephrotic syndrome: hallmark findings
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"Protein LEAC":
Proteinuria Lipid up Edema Albumin down Cholesterol up · In nephrotic, the proteins leak out. . ---Anonymous Contributor |
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Gout: major features
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GOUT:
Great toe One joint (75% monoarticular) Uric acid increased (hence urolithiasis) Tophi . ---Dr. Harsh Sharma BJ Medical College |
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Hematuria: urethral causes
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Hodgkin's lymphoma classification
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Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome: symptom triad
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"PET WASP":
Pyrogenic infections Eczema Thrombocytopenia · WASP is the name of the causitive agent: Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein. · Alternatively: Wiskott=Hot, Aldrich=Itch, Syndrom=Throm. . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
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Sarcoidosis summarized
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SARCOIDOISIS:
Schaumann calcifications Asteroid bodies/ [ACE] increase/ Anergy Respiratory complications/ Renal calculi/ Restrictive lung disease/ Restrictive cardiomyopathy Calcium increase in serum and urine/ CD4 helper cells Ocular lesions Immune mediated noncaseating granulomas/ [Ig] increase Diabetes insipidus/ [D vit.] increase/ Dyspnea Osteopathy Skin (Subcutaneous nodules, erythema nodosum) Interstitial lung fibrosis/ IL-1 Seventh CN palsy . ---Rinku Uberoi UNIBE |
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Apoptosis vs. necrosis
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"LIFELESS" (since cells are
dead):
· Differences are in: Leaky membranes Inflammatory response Fate Extent Laddering Energy dependent Swell or shrink Stimulus · See attached table for apoptosis and necrosis properties for each of the above. . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
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Leukemias: acute vs. chronic rules of thumb
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ABCDE:
Acute is: Blasts predominate Children Drastic course Elderly Few WBC's (so Fevers) · Chronic is all the opposites: Mature cells predominate Middle aged Less debilitating course Elevated WBC's, so not a history of fevers and infections . ---Anonymous Contributor |
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Hypersplenism: criteria
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"Hyper Splenism Ravages Cells":
Hypercellular or normal marrow Splenomegaly Response to splenectomy Cytopenias . ---Dr. Harsh Sharma BJMC, Pune, India |
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Anemia: TIBC finding to differentiate iron
deficiency vs. chronic disease
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TIBC levels at the:
Top=Iron deficiency. Bottom=Chronic disease. . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
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Microcytic anemia: causes
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"Find Those Small Cells":
Fe deficiency Thalassemia Sideroblastic Chronic disease . ---K. Dang University of Toronto |
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Megaloblastic anemia: vitamin B12 deficiency vs.
folate deficiency
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Vitamin B12 deficiency also
affects Brain (optic neuropathy, subacute combined degeneration,
paresthesia).
· Folate deficiency is not associated with neurological symptoms. . ---Glen Davis Cornell University Medical College |
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Symptoms of TTP/HUS
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"Nasty Fever Ruined My Tubes":
Neurological symptoms Fever Renal failure Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia Thrombocytopenia |
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Hemophilia: type A factor
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Hemophilia A: problems with VIII
factor (number V as an inverted A).
. ---Julio M. De Peña, M.D. UNIBE Med School |
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Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome: symptom triad
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WASTER:
Wiskott Aldrich Syndrome is: Thrombocytopenia Eczema Recurrent staphlococcal infections . ---Anonymous Contributor |
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Macrocytosis: Non-B12/folate causes
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ALPHA NERD:
Alcohol Liver disease Pregnancy Hemaolysis (especially chronic) Agglutination Neoplasia (including myelodysplasia) Endocrine (hypothyroidism) Reticulocytes Drugs (especially myelosuppressives like chemotherapy, anti-HIV meds) . ---Steve |
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Duchenne vs. Becker Muscular Dystrophy
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Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
(DMD) : Doesn't Make Dystrophin.
Becker Muscular Dystrophy (BMD): Badly Made Dystrophin (a truncated protein). . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
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McArdle's syndrome
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MCARDLES:
Myoglobinuria Cramping after exercise Accumulated glycogen Recessive inheritance Deficiency of muscle phosphorylase Lactate levels fail to rise Elevated creatine kinase Skeletal muscle only |
Nervous system
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Wernicke-Korsakoff triad
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Syndrome in alchoholics, who love to
"drink CANs of beer":
Confusion Ataxia Nystagmus . ---Victor R. Carrion Zamoira Ponce School of Medicine |
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Wernicke-Korsakoff's psychosis: findings
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COAT RACK:
· Wernicke's encephalopathy (acute phase): Confusion Ophthalmoplegia Ataxia Thiamine tx. · Korsakoff's psychosis (chronic phase): Retrograde amnesia Anterograde amnesia Confabulation Korsakoff's psychosis . ---HBV Morehouse School of Medicine |
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Parkinsonism: essential features
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TRAPS:
Tremor (resting tremor) Rigidity Akinesia Postural changes (stooped) Stare (serpentine stare) · To remember what kind of tremor and postural change, can look at letter that follows in TRAPS: Tremor is Resting, Posture is Stooped. . ---Anonymous Contributor |
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Tabes Dorsalis morphology
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DORSALIS:
Dorsal column degeneration Orthopedic pain (Charcot joints) Reflexes decreased (deep tendon) Shooting pain Argyll-Robertson pupils Locomotor ataxia Impaired proprioception Syphilis . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
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Pyrogenic meningitis: likeliest bug in age group
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"Explaining Hot Neck Stiffness":
· In order from birth to death: E. coli [infants] Haemophilus influenzae [older infants, kids] Neisseria meningitis [young adults] Streptococcus pneumoniae [old folks] . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
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Parkinson's disease: symptoms
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PQRST:
Paucity of expression parQinson Rigidity (cogwheel) Stooped posture Tremor at rest · If can't remember that Parkinson's tremor is the one that is "resting tremor", look at the last 3 letters: RST. . ---Mitul SUNY, Stony Brook |
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Neuroblastoma: features
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N-MYC:
Nuclei have "double minutes" Malignant Young Catecholamine secreting · And hallmark is n-myc amplification. . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
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Lou Gehrig's is both upper and lower motor neuron
signs
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Dandy-Walker syndrome: components
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"Dandy Walker Syndrome":
Dilated 4th ventricle Water on the brain Small vermis . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
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Cerebral palsy: general features
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Multiple sclerosis (MS): pathology
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MS attacks the Myelin Sheath,
resulting in plaques.
. ---Lior Greenberg Technion Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel |
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Alzheimer's disease: features
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RONALD (Ronald Reagan, a famous victim):
Reduction of Ach Old age Neurofibrillary tangles Atrophy of cerebral cortex (diffuse) Language impairment Dementia (MC in elderly)/ Down's syndrome . ---Dr. Harsh Sharma BJMC, Pune, India |
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Pick's disease: features
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PICK:
Progressive degeneration of neurons Intracytoplasmic Pick bodies Cortical atrophy Knife edge gyri . ---Dr. Atif Farooq Khawaja Rawalpindi Medical College, Pakistan |
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Alzheimer's disease (AD): associations, findings
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AD:
· Associations: Aluminum toxicity Acetylcholine deficiencies Amyloid B Apolipoprotein gene E Altered nucleus basalis of Meynert Down's · Findings: Actin inclusions (Hirano bodies) Atrophy of brain Amyloid plaques Aphasia, Apraxia, Agitation DNA-coiled tangles Dementia, Disoriented, Depressed . ---Dr. Atif Farooq Khawaja Rawalpindi Medical College, Gujranwala, Pakistan |
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Wernickes encephalopathy: components
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WACO:
· Wernickes is: Ataxia Confusion (or clouded consciousness) Ocular problems · Note: Waco is the town in Texas, USA made famous for a standoff with a David Koresh and the Branch Davidians. . |
Other
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Necrosis: the 4 types
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"Life Can Get Complicated":
Liquifactive Coagulation Gangrene Caseous · 'Life' used since necrosis is 'death'. . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
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Turner syndrome: components
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CLOWNS:
Cardiac abnormalities (specifically Coartication) Lymphoedema Ovaries underdeveloped (causing sterility, amenorrhea) Webbed neck Nipples widely spaced Short . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
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Fragile-X syndrome: features
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DSM-4:
Discontinued chromosome staining Shows anticipation Male (male more affected) Mental retardation (2nd most common genetic cause) Macrognathia Macroorchidism . ---Hugo M. Rodriguez, MD University of Virginia Roanoke-Salem Program |
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Whipple's disease: full features
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WHIPPLES:
Weight loss Hyperpigmentation of skin Infection with tropheryma whippelii PAS positive granules in macrophage Polyarthritis Lymphadenopathy Enteric involvement Steatorrhea . ---Dr. Atif Farooq Khawaja Rawalpindi Medical College, Pakistan |
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CREST sydrome: components
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CREST:
Calcinosis Raynaud's phenomena Esophageal dysmotility Sclerodactyly Telangectasia . ---Andrew J. Vasil University of Minn Medical School |
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Edwards' syndrome: characteristics
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EDWARDS:
Eighteen (trisomy) Digit overlapping flexion Wide head Absent intellect (mentally retarded) Rocker-bottom feet Diseased heart Small lower jaw . ---Monika Kiripolsky Vanderbilt University School of Medicine |
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Fragile X syndrome: features
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FEMALES
FMR1 gene Exhibits anticpation Macro-orchidism Autism Long face with large jaw Everted eyes Second most common casue of genetic mental retardation . ---Sung Hoon Kim El Paso, TX |
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Kawasaki Disease Criteria
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"Be careful when riding a Kawasaki motorcycle,
you might get CREAMed.
Conjunctivitis (non-exudative) Rash (polymorphous non-vesicular) Edema (or erythema of hands or feet) Adenopathy (cervical, often unilateral) Mucosal involvement (erythema or fissures or crusting) To have Kawasaki disease you must have fever for greater than 5 days plus 4 of the above. . ---Eric J Ex |
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Neurofibromatoses: chromosome mutation locations
in von Reckinghausen (type I) vs. type II
|
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"von Recklinghausen" has 17 letters
and is due to a mutation on chromosome 17.
"Neurofibromatosis type 2" has 22 and is due to a mutation on chromosome 22. . ---Anonymous Contributor UAG |
Pulmonary
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Pulmonary embolism: risk factors
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TOM SCHREPFER:
Trauma Obesity Malignancy Surgery Cardiac disease Hospitalization Rest [bed-ridden] Elderly Past history Fracture Estrogen [pregnancy, post-partum] Road trip . ---Anonymous Contributor |
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Respiratory distress syndrome in infants: major
risk factors
|
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PCD (Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia, a cause of
Respiratory distress syndrome):
Prematurity Cesarean section Diabetic mother . ---Shebrain Cairo University |
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Emphysema: types, most important feature of each
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"Cigarettes Is Primary Problem":
· Types: Centrilobular Irregular Pancinar Paraseptal · Most important feature for each type (in order as above): Cigarrettes Inflammation healed to scar Protease inhibitor deficiency (a1-antitrypsin) Pneumothorax · "Cigarettes is primary problem" used since cigarettes is most common cause of emphysema. · Keeping P's straight: Pan is antitrypsin. . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
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COPD: 4 types and hallmark
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ABCDE:
Asthma Brochiectasis Chronic bronchitis Dyspnea [hallmark of group] Emphysema · Alternatively: replace Dyspnea with Decreased FEV1/FVC ratio. . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
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Lung cancer: presentation
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ABCDE:
Snowball turned to Avalanche Blood: hemoptysis Cough Distruption to airway in bronchus-->pneumonia whEEzing . ---Samuel Atom Baek-Kim |
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Interstitial lung disease: causes
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SARCOIDI:
Sarcoidosis Allergic reaction Radiation Connective tissue disease Occupational exposure Infection Drugs Idiopathic . ---Will Herrington UCL Hospital |
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Bronchial obstruction: consequences
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APPLE BABE:
Atelectasis Pleural adhesions Pleuritis Lipid pneumonia Effusion->organisation->fibrosis Bronchiectasis Abscess Broncho and lobar pneumonia Emphysema . ---BB University of Queensland, Australia |
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Nasopharyngeal malignant cancers
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NASOPharyngeal:
Nasophayngeal Adenocarcinoma Squamous cell carcinoma Olfactory neuroblastoma Plasmacytoma . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
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TB: features
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TB is characterised by 4 C's:
Caseation Calcification Cavitation Cicatrization . ---Sameh Shehata Asst. Prof of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alexandria, Egypt |
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Pancoast tumor: relationship with Horner's
syndrome
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"Horner has a MAP of
the Coast":
A panCoast tumor is a cancer of the lung apex that compresses the cervical sympathetic plexus, causing Horner's syndrome, which is MAP: Miosis Anhidrosis Ptosis |
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Pulmonary fibrosis: differential of both upper
and lower lobes
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BREAST SCAR:
· Upper lobe: Beryliosis Radiation Extrinsic allergic alveolitis Ankylosing spondylitis Sarcoidosis TB · Lower lobe: Systemic sclerosis Cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis Asbestosis Radiation . ---Lyndon Mason 4th Year Medical Student |
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Pulmonary embolism: risk factors
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7 H's:
Hereditary (eg factor V Leyden, protein C or S deficiency) History (previous DVT or PE) Hypomobility (fracture, CVA, severe illness, obesity, long trip) Hypovolaemia (nephrotic syndrome, dehydration) Hypercoagulability (smoking, malignancy) Hormones (oestrogens [esp. in OCP], puerperium) Hyperhomocysteinaemia . ---Fahed Al-Daour Med Student |
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Pneumothorax: presentation
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P-THORAX:
Pleuretic pain Trachea deviation Hyperresonance Onset sudden Reduced breath sounds (& dypsnea) Absent fremitus X-ray shows collapse . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
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COPD: blue bloater vs. pink puffer diseases
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emPhysema has letter P (and
not B) so Pink Puffer.
chronic Bronchitis has letter B (and not P) so Blue Bloater. . ---Harsh Sharma BJMC, Pune, India |
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Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS): causes
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ARDS:
Aspiration/ Acute pancreatitis/ Air embolism/ Amniotic embolism Radiation DIC/ Drugs/ Drowning/ Dialysis/ Diffuse lung infection Shock/ Sepsis/ Smoke inhalation . |
reproductive
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Breast cancer: risk assessment
|
|
"Risk can be assessed by History
ALONE":
History (family, previous episode) Abortion/ Age (old) Late menopause Obesity Nulliparity Early menarche . ---Lau Yue Young Geoffrey Hong Kong University |
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Endometrial carcinoma: risk factors
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ENDOMET:
Elderly Nulliparity Diabetes Obesity Menstrual irregularity Estrogen therapy hyperTension . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
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Polycystic ovary: morphology, presentation
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· Morphology is poly-C:
Cysts Capsule thickened Cortical stromal fibrosis · Clinical presentation is OVARY: Obese Virilism or hirsutism Amenorrhoea Reproductive problem [infertile] Young woman . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
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Herpes I and II: lab findings.
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She's an odd chick: whenever she's in a
restaurant, she always orders Her Peas and Cowdry.
Herpes I and II have Cowdry Type A inclusion bodies . ---Lior Greenberg Technion Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel |
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Gynecomastia: causes
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Scrotum masses
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SHOVE IT:
Spermatocele Hydrocele/ Haematocele Orchitis Varicocele Epidymal cyst Indirect inguinal hernia Torsion/ Tumor . ---Sushant Varma Medical student, University of Sheffield, UK |
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Ovarian cancers: important types, by WHO
classification
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· Surface:
"My Sister Began Experiencing Cancer": Mucinous Serous Brenner Endometrioid Clear · Germ cell: "Doctor Examined The Ovaries": Dysgerminoma Endometrial sinus Teratoma Ovarian choriocarcinoma · Sex cord: "She Felt Grim": Sertoli-Leydig Fibroma Granulosa-theca · Metastatic "Killed": Krukenberg . ---Edward Scarth Medical School, Univeristy of Nottingham |
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Endometrial carcinoma: risk factors
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Polycystic ovarian disease: clinical features
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OHIO:
Oligomenorrhea Hirsutism Infertility Obesity |
Skeletal
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Paget's disease of bone: signs and symptoms
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Four L's:
Larger hat size Loss of hearing: due to compression of nerve Leontiasis ossea (lion-like face) Light-headed (Paget's steal) . ---Marc Miller Sackler School of Medicine |
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Carcinomas having tendency to metastasize to bone
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"Particular Tumours Love Killing Bone":
Prostate Thyroid Lung Kidney Breast . ---Ben Campbell University of Otago Medical School, Dunedin, New Zealand |
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Rheumatoid arthritis: features
|
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RHEUMATOID:
Ragocytes/ Rheumatoid factor (anti-IgG) HLA-DR4/ HLA-Dw4 ESR increase/ Extra-articular features (restrictive lung disease, subcutaneous nodules) Ulnar deviation Morning stiffness/ MCP joint Ankylosis/ Atlantoaxial joint subluxation/ Autoimmune/ ANA T-cells (CD4)/ TNF Osteopenia Inflammatory synovial tissue/ Idiopathic/ IL-1 Deformities (swan-neck, boutonniere) . ---Rinku S. Uberoi UNIBE |
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Marble bone disease: signs and symptoms
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MARBLES:
Multiple fractures Anemia Restricted cranial nerves Blind & deaf Liver enlarged Erlenmeyer flask deformity Splenomegaly · Eponymous name: Marbles = Albers-Schonberg (anagram). . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
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Histiocytosis X: hallmark finding
|
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"Birbeck's rackets is X":
Tennis rackets under electron microscope is Histiocystosis X. Consider 2 tennis rackets in an X formation. · See diagram. . ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin |
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Seronegative spondyloarthopathy: diseases
|
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RAPE:
Reiter's syndrome Ankylosing spondylitis Psoriatic arthitis Enteropathic arthitis (IBD) . ---Wen Sun Lum University of Calgary, Canada |
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Osteomalacia: features
|
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"Vit-D deficiency in ADULT":
Acetabuli protrusio Decresed bone density Under mineralization of osteoid Looser's zone (pseudofracture) Triradiate pelvis (females) . ---Dr. Harsh Sharma BJMC, Pune, India |
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Osteosarcoma: features
|
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PEARL HARBOR:
Paget's disease (10-20%)* Early age (10-20 yrs) Around knee Raised periosteum by expanding tumor: "sunburst pattern" Lace-like architecture Hyaline arteoriosclerosis Alkaline phosphatase increased Retinoblastoma* Boys, predominantly Osteomyelitis DDx Radiation* · Sunburst pattern was Japanese Navy emblem during WWII. *: Predisposing factors. . ---Sung H. Kim El Paso, TX |
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Osteomyelitis: complications
|
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FIBRES:
Fractures Intraosseous (broidie) abscesses Bacteremi/ Brodie abscess Reactive amyloidosis Endocarditis Sinus tracts/ Squamous cell CA |
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